Early life Wolfgang (originally Vladimir) Leonhard was born in
Vienna as the son of writers
Susanne Köhler and
Rudolf Leonhard. His mother was an active Communist Susanne Leonhard worked as head of the press department of the embassy. From 1931, Susanne Leonhard and her son lived in the "Artists' Colony" in Wilmersdorf, Berlin, the home of many left-wing intellectuals. Wolfgang attended
Karl Marx Grammar School and joined the youth organization of the
Communist Party of Germany, the "
Young Pioneers". As things grew more dangerous in Berlin, he was sent to
Landschulheim Herrlingen, a private boarding school, in 1932. After
Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1933, Susanne Leonhard sent her son to a boarding school in Sweden. She visited him there in 1935, but during her visit, her leftist group in Germany was exposed and she could not go back to Germany. She was not allowed to stay in Sweden either, so she had her 13-year-old son choose between exile in England and exile in the
Soviet Union. He chose the Soviet Union.
In the Soviet Union From 1935 to 1937, Leonhard attended
Karl Liebknecht School in Moscow, a school for the children of German and Austrian Communists. A special children's home (
Children's Home No. 6) had been established in Moscow for Austrian and German orphans of fascism; Leonhard lived there from September 1936 to August 1939, when it was closed a week after the
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, following months of pressure after a number of residents were arrested in the so-called
Hitler Youth Conspiracy. Afterwards Leonhard enrolled as a student at the Moscow Institute for Foreign Languages. 1936 was the beginning of
The Great Purge, a period of arbitrary arrests and trials in the Soviet Union. Leonhard's mother was arrested by the secret police,
NKVD, in October 1936, and had to do forced labour for the next 12 years, mainly in the camp of
Vorkuta (see
Gulag). With the help of
Wilhelm Pieck, later President of the
German Democratic Republic, Leonhard achieved her release in 1948. After the German attack on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 the Germans there were deported to certain areas mainly in the southeast, and Leonhard had to go to
Karaganda but was able to continue his teacher training. A year later he was sent to the
International Lenin School, the
Comintern school that had moved from Moscow to
Ufa during the invasion. Some of his teachers and fellow students there were to be found in leading positions after 1945, such as Paul Wandel,
Heinz Hoffmann and
Markus Wolf in the
GDR and
Jakub Berman in
Poland. The eldest son of
Yugoslav partisan leader
Josip Broz Tito, Zarko, also attended the Comintern school at the time. Leonhard's final exams at the Comintern school in the summer of 1943 coincided with the dissolution of the Comintern and the closure of the school. He was now employed by the "
National Committee for a Free Germany", an organization of prisoners of war and expatriates. First he worked for its weekly newspaper "Free Germany", whose editor-in-chief was
Rudolf Herrnstadt.
Anton Ackermann, one of the leaders of the "National Committee", made Leonhard an announcer at the Committee's radio station, "
Radio Free Germany".
In East Germany Leonhard was chosen as a member of one of the two groups of German communists who were the first to return to Germany as soon as the
Red Army had reached German territory. Each group consisted of ten members. Leonhard was in the
Ulbricht Group, led by
Walter Ulbricht, later (from 1950 to 1971) Secretary-General of the
Socialist Unity Party of Germany (
Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, or SED). Their task was to organize the administration of the
Soviet occupation zone. "It has to look democratic, but we must have control of everything," Ulbricht told them. Therefore, deputy mayors and chief constables as well as heads of personnel departments and departments of education had to be Communists. Other administrative jobs could go to people of a different political persuasion in order to gain support from as many groups as possible. In the following years Leonhard continued to work for the Central Committee of the Communist Party, which became the
Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in April 1946 after the Social Democratic Party in the Soviet zone had been forced to merge with it. Among other things he was involved in journalism and political instruction. In September 1947 he became a lecturer in the history department of the
party's college Karl Marx.
Escape to Yugoslavia Like Anton Ackermann, Wolfgang Leonhard thought that the creation of a German socialist state would follow a more democratic pattern than the developments he had experienced in the Soviet Union. His first criticism and doubts about Stalinism came as early as in 1936, when his mother was arrested, but his basic belief in Marxism–Leninism persisted for years. On April 16, 1948, Walter Ulbricht gave a five-hour speech at the SED college outlining the plans for the Soviet-occupied sector. He identified the SED as the future governing power and asserted that people should seek to reach their own goals through the state apparatus. This speech convinced Leonhard that Germany was not going to follow a different path to socialism, but would replicate the Soviet system. In March 1949, he fled to Yugoslavia via Czechoslovakia. Yugoslavia had been expelled from
Cominform, the successor organization of Comintern under Soviet leadership, and was establishing its own type of socialism. When asked in January 1996 what would have happened to him had the East German government caught him during his escape to Yugoslavia, Leonhard said, "Oh, execution. Because I was a high ranking official. I was the first high ranking official escaping from East Germany who was trained in Moscow, in the Soviet Union." In Yugoslavia, Leonhard was in charge of the German programmes of Belgrade Radio.
In the West From Yugoslavia, Wolfgang Leonhard then went on to West Germany, where he worked as a political writer and as an expert on Eastern Europe. He later said that it was then that he chose the focus of his life's work: "In West Germany I looked around and I decided my life I will devote to one question only, the Soviet Union.... My only aim was from 1950 onwards to study what happened and will happen in the Soviet Union and the Soviet bloc." After his postgraduate studies at
St Antony's College,
Oxford University, from 1956 to 1958, and his work as a senior research fellow at the Institute for Russian Studies of
Columbia University, in
New York City, in 1963 and 1964, Leonhard became a professor at
Yale University. Professor Leonhard taught Soviet history and the history of international Communism at Yale from 1966 to 1987. His popular lecture course on the history of the Soviet Union was one of the largest courses there in the 1980s, and was commonly referred to as "Wolfgang." One of Leonhard's students at Yale was the future president
George W. Bush, who wrote that Leonhard's History of the Soviet Union was "one of my most memorable courses," and "an introduction to the struggle between tyranny and freedom, a battle that has held my attention for the rest of my life." Leonhard was a visiting professor at the universities of Michigan at Ann Arbor in the United States; and Mainz, Trier, Kiel, Chemnitz, and Erfurt in both West Germany and the former East Germany. He delivered lectures in places including Tokyo, Bombay,
Accra, Ghana, and
Colombo, Sri Lanka. He was the author of numerous books and essays on Eastern Europe and Communism. His 1955 memoir,
Die Revolution entlässt ihre Kinder ("Child of the Revolution"), was translated into many languages and was an international bestseller. In 1987, when West German President
Richard von Weizsäcker visited the Soviet Union, Leonhard was able to return to that country for the first time since 1945. Afterwards he paid regular visits to Russia and other countries in Eastern Europe. He has also had meetings with a number of acquaintances from his life in Russia and East Germany. ==Awards and decorations==