Decree against Communism

Socialism and communism in Catholic social teaching had been already addressed in the teachings of popes since the encyclicals Nostis et nobiscum (1849), Quanta cura (1864), and Rerum novarum (1891). Interpretations of these encyclicals and the stance towards socialism expressed in them varied. Catholic journalist G. K. Chesterton, who formulated distributism based on his interpretation of Rerum Novarum, believed that the Catholic encyclicals condemned socialism and postulated an alternative economic system that would be neither capitalist nor socialist. Others, like Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé, argued that the papal encyclicals only constituted a condemnation of some, anti-clerical, forms of socialism. British philosopher Andrew Collier believed that Chesterton misinterpreted Rerum Novarum as the Catholic argument against socialism, and instead interpreted Rerum Novarum as an argument for Catholic socialism, arguing that "the aim of Rerum Novarum can only be achieved via Marxist methods". After revolutions in Russia, China, and Mexico had been followed by religious persecution, a new theme of criticism was added, beginning with Quadragesimo anno (1931) by Pope Pius XI. This encyclical objected to what it considered to be communism's professed opposition to religion, and its threat to the freedom and the very existence of the Church. On July 15, 1948, ''L'Osservatore Romano'' published a decree which excommunicated those who propagate "the materialistic and anti-Christian teachings of Communism". The document, however, did not mention the Italian Communist Party, which had changed its statutes in 1946, removing an explicit profession of Marxism-Leninism, and opening to participation by citizens, "independent of race, religious faith or philosophical convictions". In the spring of 1949, pressure on the Church in Czechoslovakia was increasing, and, according to Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, then papal Secretary of State, Pope Pius XII, had come to feel that there would be no effective diplomatic opposition from the West. Thus, the Church had to use what means it had to confront communism, not only in the immediate situation, but for a long-term opposition. ==Form of the document==

The document, as published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, bears the date July 1, 1949 and the heading Decretum (Decree), and is presented in the form of a dubium: that is, in question-and-answer format. It presents four questions, together with the Holy Office's replies: (1) Is it licit to join or show favor to Communist parties? (2) Is it licit to publish, distribute, or read publications that support Communist doctrine or activity, or to write for them? (3) May Christians who knowingly and freely commit the acts in parts 1 and 2 be given the sacraments? (4) Do Christians who profess, defend, or promote materialistic Communist doctrine incur the penalty of excommunication as apostates from the Christian faith, with the penalty reserved so that it may only be lifted by the Holy See? The answers in the decree were negative to the first three questions and affirmative to the fourth. ==Publication and reception==

After the document was approved by Pius XII on June 30, the text of the document was delivered to printers to prepare its release. Shortly thereafter, it was leaked to the press, and so appeared in public early, with no advance notice to the clergy and no commentary to explain the document. A commentary followed on July 27, 1949, explaining reasons for its condemnation of communist activity and doctrine. It also made clear the scope of the excommunication stated in the decree: it did not apply to all people who voted for communists or supported the party, but only to people who held the materialistic and atheistic doctrines of communism. The decree met with some surprising public support from non-Catholics despite the disorder around its publication: from Protestant countries, there was favorable commentary which recognized the decree as a response to communist pressure on the Church in Eastern Europe. The United States urged the Patriarch of Constantinople Athenagoras, who supported the decree, to issue a similar document for the Eastern Orthodox world. Response from pro-communist newspapers in Italy was sharply critical, but the Soviet press was silent. Italian Communist Party General Secretary Palmiro Togliatti was restrained in his criticism, inasmuch as many party supporters were practicing Catholics. The party itself was "not disturbed by the decree, and predicted that it would be rescinded". ==Repercussions==

In the wake of the Decree, Pope Pius XII encouraged efforts to develop Catholic social teaching and thus counteract the appeal of communist social doctrine. The Decree marked the beginning of a long institutional conflict between Catholicism and communism. (lifted in 1951), • Membership in communist youth organizations, September 28, 1950, • Usurpation of Church functions by the State, June 29, 1950, • Illegitimate state ordered ordinations of bishops, April 9, 1951, • Publications favouring totalitarian Communism, June 28 and July 22, 1955, A further dubium dated April 4, 1959 from the Holy Office and ratified by Pope John XXIII made the provisions of the 1949 Decree more specific, stating that it implied a prohibition on voting for parties that were helping communists, even if such parties themselves had inoffensive doctrines or even called themselves Christian. clarified that the decree applied to Catholic communists who "abandoned the faith"; in contrast, a Catholic that is a member of a communist party but "does fulfill his religious obligations", would not be excommunicated. He also noted that the decree did not apply to non-atheist communist parties, and for the decree to apply to the party "would require that the organisation profess atheism as its principle foundation". ==Aftermath==

A portion of Catholic clergy and laymen criticized the decree. Primo Mazzolari openly defied the decree and advocated dialogue between Catholics and Communists instead. Giuseppe Dossetti, a Catholic priest who represented the left-wing faction of the Christian Democracy party, also protested the decree and argued for neutrality in the Cold War instead. Communist parties at large were unaffected by the decree, and the Vatican's anti-communist stance "then gradually subsided." Historian Peter C. Kent wrote that the decree "was prompted by fears of schism in eastern Europe". The socialist governments of the Eastern Bloc founded associations of priests that either supported communism or were willing to cooperate with the state; clergy belonging to such organizations received favours by being appointed to administrative positions. This development "raised the terrible spectre of attempts to found schismatic ‘national’ churches" in Pope Pius XII. In 1950, the archbishop of Warsaw Stefan Wyszyński was able to reach an agreement with the Polish socialist government - in exchange for the passive support of the Polish Catholic Church for communist rule and policies, the state would permit religious classes in schools, maintain theology faculties in state universities, maintain chaplains in the army and preserve the independence of Catholic universities and religious orders. In the 1950s, Archbishop Giovanni Montini (later Pope Paul VI) spoke of the need to approach the "good elements" amongst the communists, and the 1955 Christmas message of Pius XII was conciliatory, declaring that there was nothing "providential" or "historic" about communism, and warning Catholics "not to be content with an anti-communism based on the defense of a liberty empty of content". Cardinal Angelo Dell'Acqua qualified the decree, arguing that it specifically referred to atheistic communism: Similar argument was made by the cardinal Alfred Bengsch, who argued "that the activity of the Church must be clearly differentiated from political or economic anti-communism". == Validity ==

The decree was amended in 1966 when Pope Paul VI abrogated Canon 1399 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. While some have argued that such Decree has been tacitly abrogated by the implementation of the Second Council of the Vatican, this has never been confirmed by the Holy See and the pastoral constitution Gaudium et spes has explicitly condemned materialistic and atheistic ideologies. The decree was fully abrogated with the introduction of the 1983 Code of Canon Law on 27 November 1983, as Canon 6 of the new Canon Law abrogated the 1917 code, along with "any universal or particular penal laws whatsoever issued by the Apostolic See unless they are contained in this Code" and "other universal or particular laws contrary to the prescripts of this Code unless other provision is expressly made for particular laws", and no new decrees on excommunication of communists were introduced. ==References==