Derek Walcott

Walcott was born and raised in Castries, Saint Lucia, in the West Indies, the son of Alix (Maarlin) and Warwick Walcott. He had a twin brother, the playwright Roderick Walcott, and a sister, Pamela Walcott. His family is of English, Dutch and African descent, reflecting the complex colonial history of the island that he explores in his poetry. His mother, a teacher, loved the arts and often recited poetry around the house. His father was a civil servant and a talented painter, who died when Walcott and his brother were one year old. The young Walcott attended a Methodist elementary school where his mother was head teacher, and she provided her children with an environment where their talents could be nurtured. As a young man, he trained as a painter, mentored by Harold Simmons, whose life as a professional artist provided an inspiring example for him. Walcott greatly admired Cézanne and Giorgione and sought to learn from them. He studied as a writer, becoming "an elated, exuberant poet madly in love with English" and strongly influenced by modernist poets such as T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound. He later commented: I went to my mother and said, "I'd like to publish a book of poems, and I think it's going to cost me two hundred dollars." She was just a seamstress and a schoolteacher, and I remember her being very upset because she wanted to do it. Somehow she got it—a lot of money for a woman to have found on her salary. She gave it to me, and I sent off to Trinidad and had the book printed. When the books came back I would sell them to friends. I made the money back. ==Career ==

After graduation, Walcott moved to Trinidad in 1953, where he became a critic, teacher and journalist. Exploring the Caribbean and its history in a colonialist and post-colonialist context, his collection In a Green Night: Poems 1948–1960 (1962) attracted international attention. In 1971, it was produced by the Negro Ensemble Company off-Broadway in New York City; it won an Obie Award that year for "Best Foreign Play". In the United Kingdom's 1972 New Year Honours, Walcott was awarded an OBE for services to literature and drama in St. Lucia. He was hired as a teacher by Boston University in the United States, where he established the Boston Playwrights' Theatre in 1981 as the Little Carib Theatre. The initiative was made possible through assistance from the University and the MacArthur Foundation Award. He became its first Artistic Director. Walcott taught literature and writing at Boston University for more than two decades, publishing new books of poetry and plays on a regular basis. Walcott retired from his position at Boston University in 2007. Walcott was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1992, the second Caribbean writer to receive the honour after Saint-John Perse, who was born in Guadeloupe, and received the award in 1960. The Nobel committee described Walcott's work as "a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment", In 2004, he won an Anisfield-Wolf Book Award The Prodigal (2004), and White Egrets (2010), which received the T. S. Eliot Prize Derek Walcott held the Elias Ghanem Chair in Creative Writing at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, in 2007. In 2008, Walcott gave the first Cola Debrot Lectures. In 2009, Walcott began a three-year scholar-in-residence position at the University of Alberta. In 2010, he became Professor of Poetry at the University of Essex. Walcott was made one of the first knights of the Order of Saint Lucia during the country's Independence Day celebrations, in February 2016. ==Writing==

Themes Methodism and spirituality have played a significant role from the beginning in Walcott's work. He commented: "I have never separated the writing of poetry from prayer. I have grown up believing it is a vocation, a religious vocation." Describing his writing process, he wrote: "the body feels it is melting into what it has seen… the 'I' not being important. That is the ecstasy... Ultimately, it's what Yeats says: 'Such a sweetness flows into the breast that we laugh at everything and everything we look upon is blessed.' That's always there. It's a benediction, a transference. It's gratitude, really. The more of that a poet keeps, the more genuine his nature." Through poetry, he also explores the paradoxes and complexities of this legacy. Essays In his 1970 essay "What the Twilight Says: An Overture", discussing art and theatre in his native region (from Dream on Monkey Mountain and Other Plays), Walcott reflects on the West Indies as a colonized space. He discusses the problems for an artist of a region with little in the way of truly Indigenous forms, and with little national or nationalist identity. He states: "We are all strangers here... Our bodies think in one language and move in another". The epistemological effects of colonization inform plays such as Ti-Jean and his Brothers. Mi-Jean, one of the eponymous brothers, is shown to have much information but truly knows nothing. Every line Mi-Jean recites is rote knowledge gained from the coloniser; he is unable to synthesize it or apply it to his life as a colonised person. Walcott notes of growing up in West Indian culture: What we were deprived of was also our privilege. There was a great joy in making a world that so far, up to then, had been undefined... My generation of West Indian writers has felt such a powerful elation at having the privilege of writing about places and people for the first time and, simultaneously, having behind them the tradition of knowing how well it can be done—by a Defoe, a Dickens, a Richardson. Walcott identified as "absolutely a Caribbean writer", a pioneer, helping to make sense of the legacy of deep colonial damage. In such poems as "The Castaway" (1965) and in the play Pantomime (1978), he uses the metaphors of shipwreck and Crusoe to describe the culture and what is required of artists after colonialism and slavery: both the freedom and the challenge to begin again, salvage the best of other cultures and make something new. These images recur in later work as well. He writes: "If we continue to sulk and say, Look at what the slave-owner did, and so forth, we will never mature. While we sit moping or writing morose poems and novels that glorify a non-existent past, then time passes us by." ==Omeros==

Walcott's epic book-length poem Omeros was published in 1990 to critical acclaim. The poem very loosely echoes and references Homer and some of his major characters from The Iliad. Some of the poem's major characters include the island fishermen Achille and Hector, the retired English officer Major Plunkett and his wife Maud, the housemaid Helen, the blind man Seven Seas (who symbolically represents Homer), and the author himself. Although the main narrative of the poem takes place on the island of St. Lucia, where Walcott was born and raised, Walcott also includes scenes from Brookline, Massachusetts (where Walcott was living and teaching at the time of the poem's composition), and the character Achille imagines a voyage from Africa onto a slave ship that is headed for the Americas; also, in Book Five of the poem, Walcott narrates some of his travel experiences in a variety of cities around the world, including Lisbon, London, Dublin, Rome, and Toronto. Composed in a variation on terza rima, the work explores the themes that run throughout Walcott's oeuvre: the beauty of the islands, the colonial burden, the fragmentation of Caribbean identity, and the role of the poet in a post-colonial world. In this epic, Walcott speaks in favour of unique Caribbean cultures and traditions to challenge the modernity that existed as a consequence of colonialism. Reception Walcott's work has received praise from major poets including Robert Graves, who wrote that Walcott "handles English with a closer understanding of its inner magic than most, if not any, of his contemporaries", and Joseph Brodsky, who praised Walcott's work, writing: "For almost forty years his throbbing and relentless lines kept arriving in the English language like tidal waves, coagulating into an archipelago of poems without which the map of modern literature would effectively match wallpaper. He gives us more than himself or 'a world'; he gives us a sense of infinity embodied in the language." Most reviews of Walcott's work are more positive. For instance, in The New Yorker review of The Poetry of Derek Walcott, Adam Kirsch had high praise for Walcott's oeuvre, describing his style in the following manner: By combining the grammar of vision with the freedom of metaphor, Walcott produces a beautiful style that is also a philosophical style. People perceive the world on dual channels, Walcott's verse suggests, through the senses and through the mind, and each is constantly seeping into the other. The result is a state of perpetual magical thinking, a kind of Alice in Wonderland world where concepts have bodies and landscapes are always liable to get up and start talking. Kirsch calls Another Life Walcott's "first major peak" and analyzes the painterly qualities of Walcott's imagery from his earliest work through to later books such as ''Tiepolo's Hound''. Kirsch also explores the post-colonial politics in Walcott's work, calling him "the postcolonial writer par excellence". Kirsch calls the early poem "A Far Cry from Africa" a turning point in Walcott's development as a poet. Like Logan, Kirsch is critical of Omeros, which he believes Walcott fails to successfully sustain over its entirety. Although Omeros is the volume of Walcott's that usually receives the most critical praise, Kirsch believes Midsummer to be his best book. ==Personal life==

In 1954, Walcott married Fay Moston, a secretary, and they had a son, the St. Lucian painter Peter Walcott. The marriage ended in divorce in 1959. Walcott married a second time to Margaret Maillard in 1962, who worked as an almoner in a hospital. Together they had two daughters, Elizabeth Walcott-Hackshaw and Anna Walcott-Hardy, before divorcing in 1976. In 1976, Walcott married for a third time, to actress Norline Metivier; they divorced in 1993. His companion until his death was Sigrid Nama, a former art gallery owner. Walcott was known for his passion for traveling around the world. He split his time between New York, Boston, and St. Lucia, and incorporated the influences of different locations into his pieces of work. ==Allegations of sexual harassment==

In 1982, a Harvard sophomore accused Walcott of sexual harassment in September 1981. She alleged that after she refused a sexual advance from him, she was given the only C in the class. In 1996, a student at Boston University sued Walcott for sexual harassment and "offensive sexual physical contact". The two reached a settlement. In 2009, Walcott was a leading candidate for the position of Oxford Professor of Poetry. He withdrew his candidacy after reports of the accusations against him of sexual harassment from 1981 and 1996. When the media learned that pages from an American book on the topic were sent anonymously to a number of Oxford academics, this aroused their interest in the university's decisions. Ruth Padel, also a leading candidate, was elected to the post. Within days, The Daily Telegraph reported that she had alerted journalists to the harassment cases. Under severe media and academic pressure, Padel resigned. Padel was the first woman to be elected to the Oxford post, and some journalists attributed the criticism of her to misogyny and a gender war at Oxford. They said that a male poet would not have been so criticized, as she had reported published information, not a rumour. Numerous respected poets, including Seamus Heaney and Al Alvarez, published a letter of support for Walcott in The Times Literary Supplement, and criticized the press furore. Other commentators suggested that both poets were casualties of the media interest in an internal university affair because the story "had everything, from sex claims to allegations of character assassination". Simon Armitage and other poets expressed regret at Padel's resignation. ==Death==

, St. Lucia Walcott died at his home in Cap Estate, St. Lucia, on March 17 2017. He was 87. He was given a state funeral on Saturday, March 25, with a service at the Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception in Castries and burial at Morne Fortune. ==Legacy==

In 1993, a public square and park located in central Castries, Saint Lucia, was named Derek Walcott Square. A documentary film, Poetry Is an Island: Derek Walcott, by filmmaker Ida Does, was produced to honour him and his legacy in 2013. The Derek Walcott Collection is hosted by the main library of the University of the West Indies St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad. It contains Walcott's manuscripts, correspondence, unpublished works, diaries, and notebooks. In 1997, it was added by UNESCO to the Memory of the World international register, recognising it as globally important documentary heritage. The Saint Lucia National Trust acquired Walcott's childhood home at 17 Chaussée Road, Castries, in November 2015, renovating it before opening it to the public as Walcott House in January 2016. In 2019, Arrowsmith Press, in partnership with The Derek Walcott Festival in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, and the Boston Playwrights' Theatre, began awarding the annual Derek Walcott Prize for Poetry to a full-length book of poems by a living poet who is not a US citizen published in the previous calendar year. In January 2020, the Sir Arthur Lewis Community College in St. Lucia announced that Walcott's books on Caribbean Literature and poetry have been donated to its Library. ==Awards and honours==

• 1969: Cholmondeley Award • 1972: Officer of the Order of the British Empire • 2008: Honorary doctorate from the University of Essex • 2016: Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Lucia ==List of works==

• Poetry collections • 1948: 25 Poems • 1949: Epitaph for the Young: Xll Cantos • 1951: Poems • 1962: In a Green Night: Poems 1948—60 • 1964: Selected Poems • 1965: The Castaway and Other Poems • 1969: The Gulf and Other Poems • 1973: Another Life • 1976: Sea Grapes • 1979: The Star-Apple Kingdom • 1981: Selected Poetry • 1981: The Fortunate Traveller • 1983: The Caribbean Poetry of Derek Walcott and the Art of Romare Bearden • 1984: Midsummer • 1986: Collected Poems, 1948–1984, featuring "Love After Love" • 1987: The Arkansas Testament • 1990: Omeros • 1997: The Bounty • 2000: ''Tiepolo's Hound,'' includes Walcott's watercolors • 2004: The Prodigal • 2007: Selected Poems (edited, selected, and with an introduction by Edward Baugh) • 2010: White Egrets • 2014: The Poetry of Derek Walcott 1948–2013 • 2016: Morning, Paramin (illustrated by Peter Doig) Plays • 1950: Henri Christophe: A Chronicle in Seven Scenes • 1952: Harry Dernier: A Play for Radio Production • 1953: Wine of the Country • 1954: The Sea at Dauphin: A Play in One Act • 1957: Ione • 1958: Drums and Colours: An Epic Drama • 1958: Ti-Jean and His Brothers • 1966: Malcochon: or, Six in the Rain • 1967: Dream on Monkey Mountain • 1970: In a Fine Castle • 1974: The Joker of Seville • 1974: The Charlatan • 1976: O Babylon! • 1977: Remembrance • 1978: Pantomime • 1980: The Joker of Seville and O Babylon!: Two Plays • 1982: The Isle Is Full of Noises • 1984: The Haitian Earth • 1986: Three Plays: The Last Carnival, Beef, No Chicken and A Branch of the Blue Nile • 1991: Steel • 1993: Odyssey: A Stage Version • 1997: The Capeman (book and lyrics, both in collaboration with Paul Simon) • 2002: Walker and The Ghost Dance • 2011: Moon-Child • 2014: O Starry Starry Night Other books • 1990: The Poet in the Theatre, Poetry Book Society (London) • 1993: The Antilles: Fragments of Epic Memory (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux) • 1996: Conversations with Derek Walcott (Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi) • 1996: (With Joseph Brodsky and Seamus Heaney) Homage to Robert Frost (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux) • 1998: What the Twilight Says (essays), (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux) • 2002: Walker and Ghost Dance (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux) • 2004: Another Life: Fully Annotated, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers ==See also==