Dome of the Chain

'' The building consists of a domed structure with two concentric open arcades, that is: with no lateral walls closing it in. The dome, resting on a hexagonal drum, is made of timber and is supported by six columns which together create the inner arcade. The second, outer row of eleven columns creates an eleven-sided outer arcade. The qibla wall contains the mihrab or prayer niche and is flanked by two smaller columns. There are a total of seventeen columns in the structure, excluding the mihrab. One of the oldest historical sources (903 CE) states that initially there used to be twenty columns. However, examination undertaken in 1975–76 under the later pavement showed that the structure has not been altered since its construction, contradicting early descriptions. The Dome of the Chain has a diameter of , making it the third largest building on the Haram after the al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock. The columns and capitals used in the structure date to pre-Islamic times. The Umayyad design of the building has largely remained unaltered by later restorations. ==History==

Construction date The Dome of the Chain is counted among the most ancient buildings standing on the Al Aqsa Mosque enclave and was built by the Umayyads. The original floor is on the same level as the floor of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock, the column bases are similar to those of other Umayyad buildings and all date to the same period, and the position of the Dome of the Chain seems to correlate well with the original and current mihrab of al-Aqsa Mosque (see Omphalos). Additionally, the earliest Muslim source found to date (ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Habīb, writing in 852 CE) clearly attributes the building to Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik. Umayyad period Ibn Habib, an Arab scholar from the Umayyad-ruled al-Andalus, left the first mention of the Dome of the Chain. He wrote that it was built in 691/2 by the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik, the builder of the Dome of the Rock, a fact widely accepted. Extensive restoration works in the 1970s have shown that the building has kept its general appearance since first being built, with the exception of six now blocked rounded-arch windows in the hexagonal drum supporting the dome. Crusader/Ayyubid period When the Crusaders invaded the Levant in 1099, they identified the dome as the spot where Saint James the Less, whom they saw as the brother of Jesus, fell when he was thrown down from the Temple, and transformed the building into a chapel dedicated to him next to the Templum Domini. In 1187, the building and the whole city were retaken by the Muslims under Saladin. In 1199–1200, the ceiling and pavings were renewed by the ruling Ayyubids. The Christians re-used the place in 1240–1244, before it reverted to Muslim use. 13th-century Christian pilgrims associate it not only with St James, but also with the place where Jesus met the adulterous woman. Pringle suggests that only in the Crusader period walls would have been built to close the Chapel of St James, which would explain a pilgrim reporting of the chapel being "excellently decorated with paintings" (Theoderic, c. 1172). Mamluk, Ottoman periods and later The structure was renovated by the Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277). The latter's renovations likely involved the refacing of the mihrab with marble. An inscription above the mihrab informs that in 1561, under the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the structure was decorated in glazed tiles; in 1760/61, more tile work was done. The last major restoration undertaken at the Dome of the Chain was commissioned by the Islamic waqf of Jerusalem in 1975–76. ==Religious significance==

David's and Solomon's Place of Judgment The tradition connecting the Dome with King David and his court of justice is strictly Islamic, and all its sources date to the Early Muslim period. Three Muslim sources, from Ibn 'Abd Rabbihi in 913, to Nāsir-i Khosro in 1047, to 'Ali of Herat in 1173, connect the Dome with a chain from the time of either the "Children of Israel", David, or Solomon, where justice was administered. Omphalos The Dome stands exactly at the geometric centre of the esplanade which houses the al-Aqsa compound, the Haram, at the spot where the two central axes meet. It has been speculated that once the Dome of the Rock was built, the location of the main mihrab inside al-Aqsa Mosque has been repositioned on an axis with the centre of the Dome of the Rock, as it is until today, but the old position is preserved by the separate mihrab of the 'Mosque of Omar'. The traditional "navel of the universe" in Judaism is at the Holy of Holies, in Islam at the Ka`ba in Mecca, and in Christianity in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Site of Last Judgment In Islamic tradition the Dome of the Chain marks the place where in the "end of days" the Last Judgment will take place, with a chain allowing passage only to the just and stopping all the sinful. Umayyad symbolism The placement of the Dome of the Chain at the omphalos of the holy precinct, the traditional place of Davidic justice, would have been indicative of the notion that the Umayyad Caliphs were direct descendants of the "Children of Ishmael", to which power would have been passed from the "Children of Israel". The Umayyads wanted to portray themselves as the inheritors of "Davidic justice", making them the rulers of the Day of Judgement. It is notable that the Dome of the Chain was reportedly where the Caliphs Sulayman b. 'Abd al-Malik (r. 715–16) and 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz (r. 717–20) received the oath of allegiance (bayʿa), and possibly the founder of the dynasty, Muʿawiya (r. 661–680), as well. The pledge of the oath of allegiance would have secured them as being the rightful divine leaders of Davidic justice, emphasized by the religious significance of the location. The tradition of David's chain is rooted strictly in Islamic sources from the Early Muslim period, a fact suggesting that it was intentionally created to support Umayyad attempts at legitimising their rule. ==Theories==

Some have claimed that the Dome of the Chain might have been built even before Islam took hold in Jerusalem. The Travels of a student of Nachmanides (ca. 1400) says that "In front of the temple [i.e. the Dome of the Rock] to the east is a building of pillars and a dome upon them. Seemingly this is because it is the site of the outer altar which stood in the Court of the Israelites [in the Second Temple]. We saw the Arabs dancing there on their festival day, 3,000 or so of them . . ." Treasury A theory that has been created about the Dome of the Chain's historical usage is that it could have been a treasury, or bayt al-māl. Some scholars, such as Muthīr al-Gharām and Mujīr al-Dīn speculate that the building could have been used as a traditional treasury, however the open structure of the building has created doubts amongst art historians on this interpretation. Ahmad al-Wasiti, writing around 1019, lists among the buildings standing in the Haram grounds the Dome of the Chain and the Treasury, therefore drawing a clear distinction between the two. Umayyad treasuries were built next to the mosques, and the Dome of the Rock is not a mosque. The typical Umayyad treasury was often built as a closed structure, with one row of columns and a dome. The Dome of the Chain has a dome, like typical treasuries, but has an open structure and two rows of columns, which has led this theory to be abandoned by historians. Model for the Dome of the Rock The first Muslim scholar to present the theory that the Dome of the Chain has been built as a small-scale model of the Dome of the Rock, constructed next to the building site of the larger structure, was Mujīr al-Dīn in 1496 CE. This is quite late in history, it seems to be his own invention, and it has since been disproved. A model would not have been left standing after the completion of the actual building, nor does the open structure of the Dome of the Chain mirror the layout of the Dome of the Rock. Like the Dome of the Rock, the Dome of the Chain consists of two concentric polygons, with columns bound together by arcades and wooden beams. The Dome of the Rock is three times the size of the Dome of the Chain and the ground plan and height are relatively proportional. What goes against this theory is the contrast between the perfect octagonal symmetry of both archways of the Dome of the Rock, and the mix of a hexagonal inner arcade and an (initially) fourteen-sided outer one for the Dome of the Chain. The open structure, lacking walls, is an additional issue, along with the extreme proximity of the two, the smaller structure staying in the way of the builders of the larger one. There are other late sources presenting it as a model, but they are not deemed convincing by modern scholars. ==Later use==

Umayyad site for the oath of allegiance See Umayyad symbolism. Ottoman courthouse In the sixteenth century, the first century of Ottoman rule in the Levant, the Dome of the Chain was used as a courthouse, reconnecting to the old tradition of Davidic justice at the site. ==Gallery==

Dome of the Chain-2.jpg|Dome of the Chain, interior detail Dome of the Rock from inside Dome of the Chain.jpg|Dome of the Chain with Dome of the Rock detail behind ==See also==