The Domus Flavia is built mainly around a large peristyle courtyard which was surrounded by many elaborate rooms of impressive height, of which only a few 3 m thick walls remain of 16 m height, half the original. It was built upon
Nero's earlier palace (
Domus Transitoria and
Domus Aurea) and followed some of its layout, as excavations have shown. On the northeastern side, the huge
aula regia (royal hall) was the central and largest room, flanked by smaller reception rooms, the so-called
Basilica and
Lararium. The northern exterior of these three rooms had a portico that continued from the west side and which formed the main entrance to the palace facing those coming up on the road from the forum.
Aula Regia This was an enormous rectangular hall used as an audience chamber, to host important receptions and embassies. An apse is built into the short south wall, where the emperor would have been seated to hold his audiences; on either side of the apse are doorways opening right onto the peristyle. On the north side the Aula opened on to a monumental portico with Carystian marble columns, overlooking the palace forecourt and from where the emperor received the
salutatio, the traditional morning ceremony. The poet
Statius, a contemporary of Domitian, described the splendour of the Flavian Palace, particularly the Aula Regia, Although the remains are mainly of low walls today, they would have stretched upwards 30 metres (98 feet) from floor to ceiling, capped by a pitched roof whose beams, probably from Lebanon, must have been concealed beneath a
coffered ceiling. The walls were covered in exotic marble veneer and inset with eight niches which held colossal statues, interspersed with purple
Phrygian marble columns and capped by an elaborately carved
frieze. Two huge statues of metallic-green
Bekhen stone (an especially prized sandstone from Egypt)
Basilica So-called as its plan resembled a
basilica in the forum or a later church, the Basilica is a long room with a central nave and a more private room where the Emperor may have held his council to take political and administrative decisions concerning the Empire. Beneath the Basilica the
Aula Isiaca has been excavated, a room with frescoes of about 30 BC and probably once part of the
Domus Augusti. This was in turn built over by
Nero's
Domus Transitoria.
Lararium Misnamed by 18th century excavators as a shrine for the
Lares (household gods), The columns around the peristyle were of yellow
Numidian marble, and supported an elaborate sculpted entablature beneath the roof.
Banquet Hall '' panel from cenatio of Nero's Golden House (Palatine Museum) The
cenatio or Banquet Hall is on the southwest side of the peristyle and is the 2nd largest room in the Palace. Like the
Aula Regia, it was extravagantly decorated, with several tiers of columns in exotic marbles and a frieze. From the
cenatio guests could look out through large windows onto the peristyle lake and fountain or onto two courtyards at the sides with elaborate oval marble fountains surrounded by yellow
Numidian marble columns. The centre of the southern wall of the hall has an apse surrounded by two passages which allow access to the library of the
temple of Apollo. The floor of the hall is covered with marble dating from the early 4th century though the
hypocaust beneath dates from the 120's (
Hadrian). This heating system suggests that this hall served as a banqueting hall in the winter and has been identified with the
Cenatio Iovis mentioned in ancient literary sources.
Martial described a banquet given by Domitian there: Great as is reported to have been the feast at the triumph over the giants, and glorious as was to all the gods that night on which the kind father sat at table with the inferior deities, and the Fauns were permitted to ask wine from Jupiter (i.e. Domitian); so grand are the festivals that celebrate your victories, O Caesar; and our joys enliven the gods themselves. All the knights, the people, and the senate, feast with you, and Rome partakes of ambrosial repasts with her ruler. You promised much; but how much more have you given! Only a sportula was promised, but you have set before us a splendid supper. The
cenatio is built upon two earlier versions both built by
Nero as part of his palace, dating from before (the
Domus Transitoria) and after (the
Domus Aurea) the
Great Fire of Rome in 64, similar in layout to the upper floor, and which are mostly still intact under the later floor. Also the exquisite marble floors of the fountains belong to Nero's palace. It comprises a superb design of flowers and climbing plants using red and green
Porphyry, Numidian yellow and red, and Phrygian white and yellow. The border is of panels of pink-grey
Chian marble framed in green porphyry. ==See also==