Parkinsonism occurs in many conditions.
Neurological Neurodegenerative conditions and
Parkinson-plus syndromes that can cause parkinsonism include: •
Corticobasal degeneration •
Frontotemporal dementia (
Pick's disease) •
Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome •
Progressive supranuclear palsy •
Encephalitis lethargica •
Japanese encephalitis Toxins Evidence exists to show a link between exposure to
pesticides and
herbicides and PD; a two-fold increase in risk was seen with
paraquat or
maneb/
mancozeb exposure. Chronic
manganese (Mn) exposure has been shown to produce a parkinsonism-like illness characterized by movement abnormalities. This condition is not responsive to
typical therapies used in the treatment of PD, suggesting an alternative pathway than the typical
dopaminergic loss within the
substantia nigra. A mutation of the
SLC30A10 gene, a manganese efflux transporter necessary for decreasing intracellular Mn, has been linked with the development of this parkinsonism-like disease. The
Lewy bodies typical to PD are not seen in Mn-induced parkinsonism. Other toxins that have been associated with parkinsonism are: •
Annonaceae •
Carbon monoxide •
Mercury •
Rotenone •
Toluene (
inhalant abuse: "huffing")
Vascular Vascular Parkinsonism is typically caused by mini
strokes. It typically affects gait, often marked with rigidity. Multiple conditions related to Vascular Parkinsonism include: •
Binswanger's disease (subcortical
leukoencephalopathy) • Dural arteriovenous malformation / dAVM (reversible through dAVM treatment)
Other •
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (boxer's dementia or pugilistic encephalopathy)
basal ganglia (especially
globus pallidus) and the
thalamus. •
Hypothyroidism •
Paraneoplastic syndrome: neurological symptoms caused by antibodies associated with cancers • Rapid onset dystonia parkinsonism • Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism ==Differential diagnosis ==