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Saxifraga

Saxifraga is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 473 species of holarctic perennial plants, known as saxifrages or rockfoils. The Latin word saxifraga means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin saxum + frangere. It is usually thought to indicate a medicinal use for treatment of urinary calculi, rather than breaking rocks apart.

Description
Most saxifrages are small perennial, biennial (e.g., S. adscendens) or annual (e.g., S. tridactylites) herbaceous plants whose basal or cauline leaves grow close to the ground, often in a rosette. The leaves typically have a more or less incised margin; they may be succulent, needle-like and/or hairy, reducing evaporation. The inflorescence or single flower clusters rise above the main plant body on naked stalks. The small actinomorphic hermaphrodite flowers have five petals and sepals and are usually white, but red to yellow in some species. Stamens, usually ten, rarely eight, insert at the junction of the floral tube and ovary wall, with filaments subulate or clavate. As in other primitive eudicots, some of the five or ten stamens may appear petal-like. It lives in tundral ecosystems. == Taxonomy ==
Taxonomy
A genus of about 473 species. Subdivision Based on morphological criteria, up to 15 sections were recognised. Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies reduced this to 13 sections with 9 subsections. The former sections Micranthes and Merkianae are more closely related to the Boykinia and Heuchera clades. Modern floras separate these groups as the genus Micranthes. The thirteen sections (with subsections) are: • IrregularesSaxifragellaPseudocymbalariaBronchialesCiliataeCymbalariaCotyleaGymnoperaMesogyneTrachyphyllumLigulataePorphyrionSquarrosaeMutataeOppositifoliaeFlorulentaeKabschiaSaxifragaTridactylitesAndrosaceaeArachnoideaeSaxifraga Selected species Saxifraga adscendens – ascending saxifrage • Saxifraga aizoides – Yellow mountain saxifrage, yellow saxifrage • Saxifraga paniculata – lifelong saxifrage, Some plants refer to Saxifraga in their generic names or specific epithets, either because they are also "rock-breaking" or because they resemble members of the saxifrage genus: • Campanula saxifragaCelmisia saxifraga (Benth.) W.M.Curtis • Cineraria saxifraga DC. • Dryopteris saxifragaPetrorhagia saxifragaTunicflowerPimpinella saxifraga – Burnet saxifrage • Ptychotis saxifragaSaxifragellaSaxifragodesSaxifragopsis Small ==Ecology==
Ecology
''), whose sticky leaves seem to catch small invertebrates Saxifrages are typical inhabitants of Arctic–alpine ecosystems, and are hardly ever found outside the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere; most members of this genus are found in subarctic climates. A good number of species grow in glacial habitats, such as S. biflora which can be found some above sea level in the Alps, or the East Greenland saxifrage (S. nathorstii). The genus is also abundant in the Eastern and Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows. Though the archetypal saxifrage is a small plant huddling between rocks high up on a mountain, many species do not occur in such a habitat and are larger (though still rather delicate) plants found on wet meadows. Various Saxifraga species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of some butterflies and moths, such as the Phoebus Apollo (Parnassius phoebus). Charles Darwin – erroneously believing Saxifraga to be allied to the sundew family (Droseraceae) – suspected the sticky-leaved round-leaved saxifrage (S. rotundifolia), rue-leaved saxifrage (S. tridactylites) and Pyrenean saxifrage (S. umbrosa) to be protocarnivorous plants, and conducted some experiments whose results supported his observations, but the matter has apparently not been studied since his time. ==Cultivation==
Cultivation
'' at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Numerous species and cultivars of saxifrage are cultivated as ornamental garden plants, valued particularly as groundcover or as cushion plants in rock gardens and alpine gardens. Many require alkaline or neutral soil to thrive. S. × urbium (London pride), a hybrid between Pyrenean saxifrage (S. umbrosa) and St. Patrick's cabbage (S. spathularis), is commonly grown as an ornamental plant. • 'Angelina Johnson' (fortunei) • 'Blackberry and Apple Pie' (fortunei) • S. callosa (limestone saxifrage) • 'Conwy Snow' (fortunei) • 'Coolock Kate' • 'Cumulus' • S. fortunei • 'Gregor Mendel' (× apiculata) • 'Lagraveana' (paniculata) • 'Lutea' • 'Minor' • 'Moe' (fortunei) • 'Monarch' • 'Mount Nachi' (fortunei) • 'Peach Melba' • 'Reginald Farrer' (Silver Farreri Group) • 'Rokujo' (fortunei) • 'Rosea' • 'Shiranami' (fortunei) • 'Slack's Ruby Southside' (Southside Seedling Group) • 'Snowflake' (Silver Farreri Group) • 'Southside Star' (Southside Seedling Group) • S. stolonifera (strawberry saxifrage) • 'Sue Drew' (fortunei) • ='Toujya' (fortunei) • 'Theoden' • 'Tumbling Waters' • S. × urbium (London pride) • 'Venetia' (paniculata) • 'Whitehill' ==Uses==
Uses
The leaves of some saxifrage species, such as creeping saxifrage (S. stolonifera) and S. pensylvanica, are edible. The former is a food in Korea and Japan. The flowers of purple saxifrage (S. oppositifolia) are eaten in Nunavut, Canada and the leaves and stems brewed as a tea. Species are also used in traditional medicine, such as creeping saxifrage in East Asia and round-leaved saxifrage (S. rotundifolia) in Europe. Two species—purple saxifrage and creeping saxifrage—are popular floral emblems. They are official flowers for: • Nunavut, Canada - purple saxifrage • County Londonderry, Northern Ireland - purple saxifrage • Tsukuba, Japan - creeping saxifrage, "hoshizaki" form (S. stolonifera Curtis f. aptera) File:Saxifraga umbrosa a3.jpg|Pyrenean saxifrage (S. umbrosa), ancestor to horticultural hybrid saxifrages File:Saxifraga caesia a1.jpg|Saxifraga caesia File:Saxifraga cuneifolia3.jpg|Lesser London pride (Saxifraga cuneifolia) File:Saxifraga decipiens White V08 H3990.jpg|Saxifraga decipiens File:Saxifraga rosacea 01.jpg|Irish saxifrage (Saxifraga rosacea) File:Saxifraga tricuspidata upernavik 2007-07-15 1 filtered.jpg|Prickly saxifrage (Saxifraga tricuspidata) flowers ==References==
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