First creation (1665) William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, was a son of
Charles Cavendish, himself the third son of
Sir William Cavendish and his wife
Bess of Hardwick. One of Charles Cavendish's elder brothers became the
1st Earl of Devonshire (see
Duke of Devonshire for further history about this branch of the family). The first duke, William Cavendish, was the son of Charles Cavendish and his second wife Catherine Ogle, 8th Baroness Ogle, daughter of Cuthbert Ogle, 7th
Baron Ogle. William Cavendish became
Viscount Mansfield in 1620, and in 1621, he was created
Earl of Newcastle upon Tyne and
Baron Cavendish of Bolsover. He succeeded his mother as ninth Baron Ogle in 1629, and he became
Marquess of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1643. He was elevated to the dukedom of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1665. He also was granted the title of
Earl of Ogle as a
subsidiary title for the
dukedom, to be used as a
courtesy title by his
heir apparent. Upon his death in 1676, he was succeeded by his son, the second Duke, who was a politician. However, the second Duke's only son and heir apparent (Henry Cavendish, Earl of Ogle) predeceased him. Therefore, upon the second Duke's death in 1691, all of these many titles became extinct, except the barony of Ogle, which fell into
abeyance between the second duke's four daughters (one of whom was
Lady Elizabeth Cavendish).
Second creation (1694) The second Duke's third daughter, Lady Margaret Cavendish (1661–1717), married
John Holles, 4th Earl of Clare, who was incidentally her first cousin, her mother's sister's son. In 1694, the dukedom was revived when he was created
Marquess of Clare and
Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne. The Holles family descended from
John Holles, who was created
Baron Haughton, of
Haughton in Nottinghamshire, in 1616 and
Earl of Clare in 1624. His second son was a politician,
Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles. Lord Clare was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl. He represented
East Retford, Nottinghamshire, in the
House of Commons and served as
Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire. His son, the third Earl, was briefly
MP for
Nottinghamshire in 1660. He was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned fourth Earl of Clare, who married a daughter of the second Duke of Newcastle. In 1694, three years after the title became extinct, the Dukedom of Newcastle was revived and granted to the late Duke's son-in-law. The new duke of Newcastle and his wife, Lady Margaret, had only one daughter and no sons. Therefore, on his death in 1711, all his titles became extinct.
Third creation (1715) and Newcastle-under-Lyne (1756) and
Prime Minister of Great Britain The Duke's sister, Lady Grace Holles (died 1700), married
Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham (see
Earl of Chichester for earlier history of the Pelham family). Their elder son
Thomas, upon his uncle's death in 1711, succeeded to the substantial Holles estates and assumed by Royal Licence the additional
surname and
arms of Holles. In 1714, the earldom of Clare was revived when he was created
Viscount Haughton and
Earl of Clare, with remainder to his younger brother
Henry Pelham. The following year, the dukedom was revived when he was made
Marquess of Clare and
Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne, with like
special remainder. These titles were in the
Peerage of Great Britain. In 1756, when his brother died without male issue and it was evident that the Duke would have no children, the Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne was additionally created
Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne with a different special remainder: to his nephew-by-marriage
Henry Clinton, 9th Earl of Lincoln, who rapidly took on the additional surname Pelham. (For the history of this title from the 1768 inheritance upon the 1st Duke's death, see
Earl of Lincoln.) The 1st Duke's other titles became extinct, except for the Pelham
baronetcy (of Laughton) and the
barony of Pelham (of Stanmer), which devolved to his first cousin once-removed,
Thomas Pelham. (For the history of these titles, see
Earl of Chichester.) Extensive personal, transaction and estate papers of the dukes are held in the
Portland (
Welbeck) and
Newcastle (
Clumber) collections at the
University of Nottingham's
Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections. ==Dukes of Newcastle upon Tyne, first creation (1665)==