List of possible impact structures on Earth

The following tables list geological features on Earth that are possible impact events, but for which there is currently no confirming scientific evidence in the peer-reviewed literature. In order for a structure to be confirmed as an impact crater, it must meet a stringent set of well-established criteria. Some proposed impact structures are likely to eventually be confirmed, whereas others are likely to be shown to have been misidentified (see below). Recent extensive surveys have been done for Australian (2005), African (2014), and South American (2015) craters, as well as those in the Arab world (2016). A book review by A. Crósta and U. Reimold disputes some of the evidence presented for several of the South American structures. } }} == Overview ==

Russia's Lake Cheko is thought by one research group to be the result of the famous Tunguska event, although sediments in the lake have been dated back more than 5,000 years. There is highly speculative conjecture about the supposed Sirente impact (c. 320 ± 90 AD) having caused the Roman emperor Constantine's vision at Milvian Bridge. The Burckle crater and Umm al Binni structure are proposed to be behind the floods that affected Sumerian civilization. The Kachchh impact may have been witnessed by the Harappan civilization and mentioned as a fireball in Sanskrit texts. Shortly after the Hiawatha Crater was discovered, researchers suggested that the impact could have occurred as late as ~12,800 years ago, leading some to associate it with the controversial Younger Dryas impact hypothesis (YDIH). James Kennett, a leading advocate of the YDIH said, "I'd unequivocally predict that this crater is the same age as the Younger Dryas." These claims were criticised by other scholars. According to impact physicist Mark Boslough writing for Skeptical Inquirer the first reports of the impact released by science journalist Paul Voosen focused on this being a young crater which according to Boslough "set the tone for virtually all the media reporting to follow". Boslough argued, based on evidence and statistical probability, that once the crater has been drilled and researched "it will turn out to be much older." He complained that this important discovery "was tainted by connections to a widely discredited hypothesis and speculations that did not make it through peer review". The YDIH has since been refuted comprehensively by a team of earth scientists and impact experts. A 2022 study using Argon–Argon dating of shocked zircon crystals in impact melt rocks found outwash less than 10 km downstream of the glacier pushed the estimate back to around 57.99 ± 0.54 million years ago, during the late Paleocene. Confirmation would require drilling almost through the ice sheet above the crater to obtain a sample of dateable, solidified impact melt from the crater. The age of the Bloody Creek crater is uncertain. As the trend in the Earth Impact Database for about 26 confirmed craters younger than a million years old shows that almost all are less than in diameter (except the Agoudal and Rio Cuarto), the suggestion that two large craters, Mahuika () and Burckle (), formed only within the last few millennia has been met with skepticism. However, the source of the young (less than a million years old) and enormous Australasian strewnfield (c. 790 ka) is suggested to be a crater about across somewhere in Indochina, with Hartung and Koeberl (1994) proposing the elongated Tonlé Sap lake in Cambodia (visible in the map at the side) as a suspect structure. The Decorah crater has been conjectured as being part of the Ordovician meteor event. Several twin impacts have been proposed, such as the Rubielos de la Cérida and Azuara (30–40 Ma), Cerro Jarau and Piratininga (c. 117 Ma), However, adjacent craters may not necessarily have formed at the same time, as demonstrated by the case of the confirmed Clearwater East and West lakes. Some confirmed impacts like Sudbury or Chicxulub are also sources of magnetic anomalies and/or gravity anomalies. The magnetic anomalies Bangui and Jackpine Creek, and others have been considered as being of impact origin. Bangui apparently has been discredited, but appears again in a 2014 table of unconfirmed structures in Africa by Reimold and Koeberl. Of the five oceans in descending order by area, namely the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, and Arctic, only the smallest (the Arctic) does not yet have a proposed unconfirmed impact crater. Craters larger than in the Phanerozoic (after 541 Ma) are notable for their size as well as for the possible coeval events associated with them especially the major extinction events. For example, the Ishim impact structure is conjectured to be bounded by the late Ordovician-early Silurian (c. 445 ± 5 Ma), the two Warburton basins have been linked to the Late Devonian extinction (c. 360 Ma), both Bedout and the Wilkes Land crater have been associated with the severe Permian–Triassic extinction event (c. 252 Ma), Manicouagan (c. 215 Ma) was once thought to be connected to the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (c. 201 Ma) but more recent dating has made it unlikely, while the consensus is the Chicxulub impact caused the one for Cretaceous–Paleogene (c. 66 Ma). However, other extinction theories employ coeval periods of massive volcanism such as the Siberian Traps (Permian-Triassic) and Deccan Traps (Cretaceous-Paleogene). == Undiscovered but inferred ==

. Shaded areas represent tektite finds. There is geological evidence for impact events having taken place on Earth on certain specific occasions, which should have formed craters, but for which no impact craters have been found. In some cases this is because of erosion and Earth's crust having been recycled through plate tectonics, in others likely because exploration of the Earth's surface is incomplete, or because no actual crater was formed because the impacting object exploded as a cosmic air burst. Typically the ages are already known and the diameters can be estimated. == Mistaken identity ==

Some geological processes can result in circular or near-circular features that may be mistaken for impact craters. Some examples are calderas, maars, sinkholes, glacial cirques, igneous intrusions, ring dikes, salt domes, geologic domes, ventifacts, tuff rings, forest rings, and others. Conversely, an impact crater may originally be thought as one of these geological features, like Meteor Crater (as a maar) or Upheaval Dome (as a salt dome). The presence of shock metamorphism and shatter cones are important criteria in favor of an impact interpretation, though massive landslides (such as the Köfels landslide of 7800 BC which was once thought to be impact-related) may produce shock-like fused rocks called "frictionite". File:Crater lake oregon.jpg|Crater Lake, Oregon (a caldera) File:Maare.jpg|Three maars in Germany File:Great Blue Hole.jpg|Great Blue Hole, Belize (a sinkhole) File:2013-09-09 12 34 02 View of the Verdi Lake from Verdi Peaks.jpg|Verdi Lake (a glacial cirque) File:Kondyor-view.jpg|Kondyor Massif or Konder (an igneous intrusion) File:Melville Island salt diapir.png|Salt domes on Melville Island File:ASTER Richat.jpg|The Richat structure (a geologic dome) File:Arkenu craters.jpg|The Arkenu structures (a pair of ring dikes) File:ISS-47 Brukkaros Mountain, Namibia.jpg|Brukkaros Mountain (a tuff ring) File:Boreal Forest Ring.jpg|A forest ring in Ontario == See also ==

Notes References Bibliography • == External links ==