Economy of Tanzania

Significant measures have been taken to liberalize the Tanzanian economy along market lines and encourage both foreign and domestic private investment. Beginning in 1986, the Government of Tanzania embarked on an adjustment program to dismantle the socialist (Ujamaa) economic controls and encourage more active participation of the private sector in the economy. The program included a comprehensive package of policies which reduced the budget deficit and improved monetary control, substantially depreciated the overvalued exchange rate, liberalized the trade regime, removed most price controls, eased restrictions on the marketing of food crops, freed interest rates, and initiated a restructuring of the financial sector. Tanzania accepted austerity measures required by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank-imposed structural adjustment policies. Current GDP per capita of Tanzania grew more than 40 percent between 1998 and 2007. In May 2009, the IMF approved an Exogenous Shock Facility for Tanzania to help the country cope with the global economic crisis Tanzania is also engaged in a Policy Support Instrument (PSI) with the IMF, which commenced in February 2007 after Tanzania completed its second three-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), the first having been completed in August 2003. The PRGF was the successor program to the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility, which Tanzania also participated in from 1996 to 1999. The IMF's PSI program provides policy support and signaling to participating low-income countries and is intended for countries that have usually achieved a reasonable growth performance, low underlying inflation, an adequate level of official international reserves, and have begun to establish external and net domestic debt sustainability. Tanzania also embarked on a major restructuring of state-owned enterprises. The program has so far divested 335 out of some 425 parastatal entities. Overall, real economic growth has averaged about 4 percent a year, much better than the previous 20 years, but not enough to improve the lives of average Tanzanians. Also, the economy remains overwhelmingly donor-dependent. Moreover, Tanzania has an external debt of $7.9 billion. The servicing of this debt absorbs about 40 percent of total government expenditures. Tanzania has qualified for debt relief under the enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Debts worth over $6 billion were canceled following implementation of the Paris Club 7 Agreement. ==Macro-economic trend==

This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Tanzania at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of shillings. As of 2025, the mean urban wage in Tanzania was estimated to be TZS 494,812 ($189), whereas the mean rural wage was estimated at TZS 367,034 ($140); both of these were a small increase from respectively TZS 425,608 and 317,779 in 2020. In July 2025, the minimum wage for public officials was raised from TZS 370,000 to TZS 500,000. Tanzania has a substantial degree of inequality. According to the WID, the top 1% of Tanzanians gained 17.90% of the total income in 2023, whereas the bottom 50% gained 14.10%. The most recent Gini coefficient (for the year 2018) is 40.5. The economy saw a GDP growth of 5.5% in 2024. Except for a low point of 2% in 2020, the growth varied between 4.5% and 7.7% for every year since 1999. The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2023. Inflation below 5% is in green. ==Agriculture==

The Tanzanian economy is heavily based on agriculture, which accounts for 28.7 percent of gross domestic product, and accounts for half of the employed workforce; 16.4 percent of the land is arable, with 2.4 percent of the land planted with permanent crops. This strong dependence on agriculture, makes Tanzania's economy highly vulnerable to weather shocks and fluctuating commodity prices. 76% of Tanzania's population subsist thanks to agriculture and, due to the lack of knowledge and infrastructure to develop and implement some kind of agricultural technology, any droughts, floods, or temperature shocks can severely damage the living standards of those people and create huge increases in unemployment, hunger, and malnutrition rates, as well as, in really severe case, mortality rates due to starvation. Tanzania produced in 2018: • 5.9 million tons of maize; • 5 million tons of cassava (12th largest producer in the world); • 3.8 million tons of sweet potato (4th largest producer in the world, second only to China, Malawi and Nigeria); • 3.4 million tons of banana (10th largest producer in the world, 13th adding plantain production); • 3 million tons of rice; • 3 million tons of sugarcane; • 1.7 million tons of potato; • 1.2 million tons of beans (6th largest producer in the world); • 940 thousand tons of peanut (7th largest producer in the world); • 930 thousand tons of sunflower seed (12th largest producer in the world); • 808 thousand tons of sorghum; • 561 thousand tons of sesame seed (5th largest producer in the world, losing only to Sudan, Myanmar, India and Nigeria); • 546 thousand tons of coconut (11th largest producer in the world); • 454 thousand tons of mango (including mangosteen and guava); • 389 thousand tons of pineapple; • 373 thousand tons of orange; • 356 thousand tons of tomato; • 238 thousand tons of cotton; • 171 thousand tons of cashew nuts (6th largest producer in the world); In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like tobacco (107 thousand tons, 8th largest producer in the world), coffee (55 thousand tons), tea (36 thousand tons) and sisal (33 thousand tons). ==Industry==

Industries are a major and growing component of the Tanzanian economy, contributing 22.2 percent of GDP in 2013. All of Tanzania's coal production, which totalled 106,000 short tons in 2012, is used domestically. Nickel reserves amounting to 290,000 tonnes were discovered in October 2012 by Ngwena Company Limited, a subsidiary of the Australian mining company IMX Resources. An initial investment of around USD $38 million has been made since exploration began in 2006, and nickel should start being mined at the end of 2015. Chinese firms have been showing major interest in Tanzania's mineral deposits; an announcement was made in late 2011 of a plan by the Sichuan Hongda Group, to invest about US$3 billion to develop the Mchuchuma coal and Liganga iron ore projects in the south of the country. It was also announced in August 2012 that China National Gold Corp are in talks to purchase mining assets in Tanzania from African Barrick Gold, in a deal that could be worth more than £2 billion stg. Electricity The government-owned Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (TANESCO) dominates the electric supply industry in Tanzania. The country generated 6.013 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity in 2013, a 4.2 percent increase over the 5.771 billion kWh generated in 2012. Generation increased by 63 percent between 2005 and 2012; however, only 15 percent of Tanzanians had access to electric power in 2011. Almost 18 percent of the electricity generated in 2012 was lost because of theft and transmission and distribution problems. The electrical supply varies, particularly when droughts disrupt hydropower electric generation; rolling blackouts are implemented as necessary. This pipeline is expected to allow the country to double its electricity generation capacity to 3,000 megawatts by 2016. The government's goal is to increase capacity to at least 10,000 megawatts by 2025. Natural gas Gas Plant According to PFC Energy, 25 to 30 trillion cubic feet of recoverable natural gas resources have been discovered in Tanzania since 2010. The value of natural gas actually produced in 2013 was US$52.2 million, a 42.7 percent increase over 2012. Over 35 billion cubic feet of gas was produced from this field in 2013, A newer natural gas field in Mnazi Bay in 2013 produced about one-seventh of the amount produced near Songo Songo Island In 2014, Tanzania's natural gas production was 19 billion cubic feet (Bcf), a 30% decline from five years prior, but increased in mid-2015 following the commencement of operations at the Mnazi Bay Concession and a new pipeline to Dar es Salaam. Significant gas discoveries, including 16 to 17 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) by the BG Group and partners, and 22 Tcf by Statoil with ExxonMobil, have positioned Tanzania to potentially become an LNG exporter. However, development plans, including an LNG plant agreed upon in 2014 with international companies and the Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC), have not advanced to sanctioning. New exploration on more frontier blocks, however, will likely be slowed as oil and gas prices fall and companies apply increasing caution to investing in frontier markets with nascent industries, poor infrastructure and long lead times. The exploration and development of natural gas in Tanzania have boosted its economic framework. In 2024, the Ntorya gas field received a 25-year development license, a major step in harnessing Tanzania's natural gas. Managed by ARA Petroleum Tanzania Limited (APT), this field is expected to begin producing substantial gas quantities for domestic use within a year. Initial production is projected at 40 million cubic feet per day, with potential expansion to 140 million cubic feet per day in future years. ==External trade and investment==

Tanzania's history of political stability has encouraged foreign direct investment. The government has committed itself to improve the investment climate including redrawing tax codes, floating the exchange rate, licensing foreign banks, and creating an investment promotion centre to cut red tape. Its economy is currently being managed according to the Tanzania Mini-Tiger Plan. Tanzania has mineral resources and a largely untapped tourism sector, which might make it a viable market for foreign investment. The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Tanzania was valued at $588 million in 2005 by the World Bank. ==Zanzibar==

Zanzibar's economy is based primarily on the production of cloves (90% grown on the island of Pemba), the principal foreign exchange earner. Exports have suffered from the downturn in the clove market. The Government of Zanzibar has been more aggressive than its mainland counterpart in instituting economic reforms and has legalized foreign exchange bureaus on the islands. This has loosened up the economy and dramatically increased the availability of consumer commodities. Furthermore, with external funding, the government plans to make the port of Zanzibar a free port. Rehabilitation of current port facilities and plans to extend these facilities will be the precursor to the free port. The island's manufacturing sector is limited mainly to import substitution industries, such as cigarettes, shoes, and process agricultural products. In 1992, the government designated two export-producing zones and encouraged the development of offshore financial services. Zanzibar still imports much of its staple requirements, petroleum products, and manufactured articles. ==Literature==

• Paul Collier: Labour and Poverty in Rural Tanzania. Ujamaa and Rural Development in the United Republic of Tanzania. Oxford University Press, 1991, . • Klocke, Sascha; Jerven, Morten. 2025. "The Growth, Inequality, and Poverty Nexus: Lessons from Long-term Trends in Tanzania, 1961–2017". Forum for Development Studies. ==See also==