Edward Braddock

Edward Braddock was born in London in January 1695, the son of Major-general Edward Braddock of the 2nd Regiment of Foot Guards and his wife. ==North America and death==

During the French and Indian War, Braddock was sent to British America to fight against French forces. He landed with two British Army infantry regiments in Hampton, Virginia on 20 February 1755. Braddock met with several colonial governors at the Congress of Alexandria on 14 April and was persuaded to undertake an offensive against the French. Colonists attempted to warn Braddock that his European style fighting methods would not work, but either arrogance or stubbornness prevented him from adapting. Braddock was used to shooting at his enemy with rows of soldiers and rotating positions, using rapid and synchronized fire, having multiple men ready to swap spots while the other reloaded, the idea being that sending a massive spread of bullets was most effective. In dense wilderness, often surrounded by trees, this method had no hope of working. While the British had some skirmish methods, a lack of preparation and being caught by surprise would render that futile. A massive row without coordinated rushing movement, cover tactics, and guerilla style aiming would fail in the wild frontier. Braddock wanted heavy artillery and rows of firing men. However, he had to construct a road to put the artillery on, so the French and Indian enemies were given time to prepare themselves. After some months of preparation, in which he was hampered by administrative confusion and want of resources previously promised by the colonials, the Braddock expedition took the field with a picked column, in which George Washington served as a volunteer officer. Braddock took some of his men and marched forward, leaving most of his men behind. The column crossed the Monongahela River on 9 July 1755, and shortly afterward collided head-on with an Indian and French force which was rushing from Fort Duquesne to oppose the river crossing. Braddock's troops reacted poorly and became disordered. They attempted retreat, but ran into the rest of Braddock's soldiers who had been left behind earlier. Braddock rallied his men repeatedly, but fell at last, mortally wounded by a shot through the chest. His firing rows hit trees. Artillery couldn't be moved fast enough to hit anything other than trees. These were the two things Braddock relied on, and where he battled these things were useless. Braddock was borne off the field by Washington and Colonel Nicholas Meriwether; he died on 13 July from wounds suffered in the battle. Before he died, Braddock left Washington his ceremonial sash that he wore with his battle uniform, as well as his two pistols. Some of his last words were, "Who would have thought?" and "we shall know better another time". Reportedly, Washington always took this sash with him for the rest of his life, both as the commander of the Continental Army and for his presidential duties. It is still on display today at Washington's home on the Potomac River, Mount Vernon. Braddock was buried just west of Great Meadows, where the remnants of the column halted on its retreat to reorganize. He was buried in the middle of the road that his men had just cut through and wagons were rolled over top of the grave site to prevent his body from being discovered and desecrated by the Indians. George Washington presided at the burial service, as the chaplain had been severely wounded. ==Legacy==

Benjamin Franklin's 1791 autobiography includes an account of him helping Braddock garner supplies and carriages for Braddock's troops. Franklin also describes a conversation with Braddock in which he explicitly warned him that his plan to march troops to the fort through a narrow valley would be dangerous because of the possibility of an ambush. This is sometimes cited as advice against the disastrous eventual outcome, but the fact remains that Braddock was not ambushed in that final action, and the battle site was not, in any case, a narrow valley. Braddock had in fact taken great precautions against ambuscade, and had crossed the Monongahela an additional time to avoid the narrow Turtle Creek defile. In 1804, human remains believed to be Braddock's were found buried in the roadway about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Great Meadows by a crew of road workers. The remains were exhumed and moved to a nearby site for reburial. A marble monument was erected over the new grave site in 1913 by the Coldstream Guards. Braddock is the namesake of Braddock, Braddock Hills, and North Braddock in Pennsylvania; Braddock Heights and Braddock Road in Maryland; and the Braddock Road which runs from Alexandria to Aldie, a separate Braddock Road within Alexandria itself – the namesake of the Metrorail station at its eastern terminus – and Braddock Street in Winchester in Virginia. Sections of the road cut by Braddock's expedition are known as the Braddock Road and form most of eastern U.S. Route 40 in Maryland and Pennsylvania. ==In fiction==

Braddock appears as an antagonist in the video game ''Assassin's Creed III'', where George Washington is introduced as a young officer serving under Braddock in the French and Indian War. The game portrays Braddock as a ruthless general, who indiscriminately kills his enemies, civilians, and even his own allies to achieve his goals. Additionally, he is a former member of the fictitious Templar Order, and a rival of Haytham Kenway, the playable character during the game's early missions. During his 1755 expedition, he is assassinated by Haytham with the help of several Native American tribes, who sought to see Braddock eliminated because his men ravaged their villages. Robert Matzen directed, wrote and produced the documentary When the Forest Ran Red: Washington, Braddock & a Doomed Army, which dramatizes the ambush of Braddock by 250 French soldiers and 600 Native Americans. The Ohio River expedition is a central event at the start of William Thackeray's novel The Virginians (1857), in which the hero's brother is missing presumed dead. The young George Washington is a central character, and General Braddock is also featured. The novel makes much of Franklin's warnings against the plan, as well as the colonials lack of support for the militia. ==See also==