Haplogroup M (mtDNA)

There is a debate concerning the geographical origins of Haplogroup M and its sibling haplogroup N. Both lineages are thought to have been the main surviving lineages involved in the out of Africa migration (or migrations) because all indigenous lineages found outside Africa belong to haplogroup M or haplogroup N. Scientists are unsure whether the mutations that define haplogroups M and N occurred in Africa before the exit from Africa or in Asia after the exit from Africa. Determining the origins of haplogroup M is further complicated by an early back-migration (from Asia to Africa) of bearers of M1. Its date of origin in absolute terms is only known with great uncertainty, as reconstruction has yielded different (but overlapping) ranges for the age of M in South Asia and East Asia. The same authors give an estimate for t of L3 as , later (2011) narrowed to the somewhat younger . • The presence of M1 in Africa is the result of a back-migration from Asia which occurred sometime after the Out of Africa migration. The origin of M23 is still not clearly understood, a west Eurasian origin had been suggested before. Haplogroup M23 is ancient and found throughout Madagascar. It is suggested to be an Asian component with significant African component. M23 was found only in one individual in Dubai Asian origin hypothesis According to this theory, anatomically modern humans carrying ancestral haplogroup L3 lineages were involved in the Out of Africa migration from East Africa into Asia. Somewhere in Asia, the ancestral L3 lineages gave rise to haplogroups M and N. The ancestral L3 lineages were then lost by genetic drift as they are infrequent outside Africa. The hypothesis that Asia is the origin of macrohaplogroup M is supported by the following: • The highest frequencies worldwide of macrohaplogroup M are observed in Asia, specifically in the Indian subcontinent, China, Japan and Korea where frequencies range from 60 to 80%. The total frequency of M subclades is even higher in some populations of Siberia or the Americas, but these small populations tend to exhibit strong genetic drift effects, and often their geographical neighbors exhibit very different frequencies. • Deep time depth >50,000 years of western, central, southern and eastern Indian haplogroups M2, M38, M54, M58, M33, M6, M61, M62 and the distribution of macrohaplogroup M, do not rule out the possibility of macrohaplogroup M arising in Indian population. • With the exception of the African specific M1, India has several M lineages that emerged directly from the root of haplogroup M. which is inconsistent with the Sub-Saharan distribution of sub-clades of haplogroups L3 and L2 that have similar time depths. ==Dispersal==

A number of studies have proposed that the ancestors of modern haplogroup M dispersed from Africa through the southern route across the Horn of Africa along the coastal regions of Asia onwards to New Guinea and Australia. These studies suggested that the migrations of haplogroups M and N occurred separately with haplogroup N heading northwards from East Africa to the Levant. However, the results of numerous recent studies indicate that there was only one migration out of Africa and that haplogroups M and N were part of the same migration. This is based on the analysis of a number of relict populations along the proposed beachcombing route from Africa to Australia, all of which possessed both haplogroups N and M. A 2008 study by Abu-Amero et al., suggests that the Arabian Peninsula may have been the main route out of Africa. However, as the region lacks of autochthonous clades of haplogroups M and N the authors suggest that the area has been a more recent receptor of human migrations than an ancient demographic expansion center along the southern coastal route as proposed under the single migration Out-of-Africa scenario of the African origin hypothesis. ==Distribution==

M is the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Asia, super-haplogroup M is distributed all over Asia, where it represents 60% of all maternal lineages. All Andamanese belong to Haplogroup M. It peaks in the Malaysian aboriginal Negrito tribes at almost 100% but with mtDNA M21a representing Semang; 84% in Mendriq people, Batek people 48%, (almost all belong to the specific Malaysian Negrito haplogroup M21a, this subclade also found in the Orang Asli 21%, Thais 7.8% and Malay 4.6%) It also peaks very high in Japan and Tibet, where it represents on average about 70% of the maternal lineages (160/216 = 74% Tibet, 231/326 = 71% Okinawa, 24/35 = 69% Zhongdian Tibetan, 175/256 = 68% northern Kyūshū,) and is ubiquitous in India and South Korea, where it has approximately 60% frequency. Among Chinese people both inside and outside of China, haplogroup M accounts for approximately 50% of all mtDNA on average, but the frequency varies from approximately 40% in Hans from Hunan and Fujian in southern China to approximately 60% in Shenyang, Liaoning in northeastern China. Haplogroup M accounts for 43% (92/214) of all mtDNA in a sample of Laotians, with its subclade M7 (M7b, M7c, and M7e) alone accounting for a full third of all haplogroup M, or 14.5% (31/214) of the total sample. In Oceania, A 2008 study found Haplogroup M in 42% (60/144) of a pool of samples from nine language groups in the Admiralty Islands of Papua New Guinea. M has been found in 35% (17/48) of a sample of Papua New Guinea highlanders from the Bundi area and in 28% (9/32) of a sample of Aboriginal Australians from Kalumburu in northwestern Australia. In a study published in 2015, Haplogroup M was found in 21% (18/86) of a sample of Fijians, but it was not observed in a sample of 21 Rotumans. Haplogroup M is also relatively common in Northeast Africa, occurring especially among Somalis, Libyans and Oromos at frequencies over 20%. Toward the northwest, the lineage is found at comparable frequencies among the Tuareg in Mali and Burkina Faso; particularly the M1a2 subclade (18.42%). Among the descendant lineages of haplogroup M are C, D, E, G, Q, and Z. Z and G are found in North Eurasian populations, C and D exists among North Eurasian and Native American populations, E is observed in Southeast Asian populations, and Q is common among Melanesian populations. The lineages M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M18 and M25 are exclusive to South Asia, with M2 reported to be the oldest lineage on the Indian sub-continent with an age estimation of 60,000—75,000 years, and with M5 reported to be the most prevalent in historically Turco-Persian enclaves. In 2016, three Late Pleistocene European hunter-gatherers were also found to carry M lineages. Two of the specimens were from the Goyet archaeological site in Belgium and were dated to 34,000 and 35,000 years ago, respectively. The other ancient individual hailed from the La Rochette site in France, and was dated to 28,000 years ago. Ancient DNA analysis of Iberomaurusian skeletal remains at the Taforalt site in Morocco, which have been dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 ybp, observed the M1b subclade in one of the fossils (1/7; ~14%). Ancient individuals belonging to the Late Iron Age settlement of Çemialo Sırtı in Batman, southeast Turkey were found to carry haplogroup M; specifically the M1a1 subclade (1/12; ~8.3%). Haplogroup M was also detected in ancient specimens from Southeast Anatolia (0.4%). Additionally, M1 has been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom and Roman periods. Fossils at the Early Neolithic site of Ifri n'Amr or Moussa in Morocco, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, have also been found to carry the M1b subclade. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern Berbers, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. The ancient Egyptian aristocrats Nakht-Ankh and Khnum-Nakht were also found to belong to the M1a1 subclade. The half-brothers lived during the 12th Dynasty, with their tomb located at the Deir Rifeh cemetery in Middle Egypt. Subgroups distribution Source: Borneo (Bidayuh), Thailand, Laos, Indonesia, Vietnam (Bahnar, H're, Jarai, Churu, Mnong, Lahu), Saudi Arabia • M20a - Myanmar, Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan), China, Blang, Saudi Arabia, • M20a1 - Thailand (Lawa from southeastern Mae Hong Son Province), Myanmar and Indonesia • M51a • M51a1 • M51a1a • M51a1b • M51a2 • M51b • M51b1 • M51b1a • M51b1b • Haplogroup M2 – found in South Asia, with highest concentrations in SE India and Bangladesh; • M3a1b2 – Pakistan (Brahui), • M3a2 – Bangladesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Burusho, Qatar, Yemen • M3a2a – Jenu Kuruba • M3b – Kamar of Chhattisgarh • M3c – Madia, Myanmar • M3c-T152C! • M3c1 • M3c1a – Jammu and Kashmir, Nepal (Terai Hindu, Tharu), Andhra Pradesh (tribal) • M3c1b – Hill Kolam • M3c1b1 – Saudi Arabia • M3c1b1a – Jenu Kuruba • M3c1b1b – Jenu Kuruba • M3c2 – Pakistan (Brahui), Jammu and Kashmir, Andh, Thailand • M3d – Nepal (Kathmandu), India, Italy (Salerno) • M3d1 – New Delhi (Hindu) • M3d1a – Nepal (Kathmandu), Cambodia (Lao), United Kingdom • M3d1a1 – Tibet (Sherpa) • M4'30 or M4'67 • M4'67-T16311C! • Haplogroup M4 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M4.htm – found mainly in South Asia but some sequences in Eastern Saudi Arabia • Haplogroup M4a – found in Gujarat, India Haplogroup M18a was also found in Mesolithic Sri Lanka. • M18a • M18b • M18c • Haplogroup M38 – found with high frequency among Tharus from Morang District of southeastern Nepal and as singletons among Tharus from Chitwan District of south-central Nepal and Hindus from New Delhi Gadaba Spain (Romani), USA (Georgia), USA (California) • M5a2 – India • M5a2a – Pakistan (Balochi), India (Nihal), Thailand (Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province) • Haplogroup M5c2 – Nepal (Tharu), Laos, Yakut • Haplogroup M7a2a1 – Japan • Haplogroup M7a2a2 • Haplogroup M7a2a2* – Japan • Haplogroup M7a2a2a • Haplogroup M7a2a2a* – Japan (Gunma) • Haplogroup M7a2a2a1 – Japan (Aichi) • Haplogroup M7a2a3 • Haplogroup M7a2a3a • Haplogroup M7a2a3a* – Udihe • Haplogroup M8a2'3 • Haplogroup M8a2'3* – Japan • Haplogroup M8a2 – found in Koryaks, Itelmens, Chukchis, Tuvans, Khakassians, Altayans, Mongolians, China (including Uyghurs), Koreans, Japan, Thailand/Laos • Haplogroup M8a2* – China (Hakka) • Haplogroup M8a2-T152C!!! • Haplogroup M8a2-T152C!!!* – China, Japan (Chiba)) • Haplogroup M8a2b* - Japan, Haplogroup M9* has additionally been found in ancient remains from the Red Deer Cave people in present-day Yunnan. • Haplogroup M9a'b • Haplogroup M9a – Han (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hunan, Taiwan, Anhui, Shaanxi, Shandong, Hebei), Korean (South Korea), Tujia (Hunan), Kinh (Hue), Mongol (Hohhot), Japanese, Lhoba] • Haplogroup M9a1b – Tibetan (Nyingchi, Nagqu, Lhasa, Chamdo, Ngari, Shannan, Shigatse, Sichuan, Yunnan, Qinghai, Gansu), Monba (Nyingchi), Lhoba (Shannan), Uzbekistan (Fergana), Dongxiang (Linxia), Naga (Sagaing), Burman (Bago), Chin (Chin State), Han (Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Liaoning), Yi (Shuangbai) [TMRCA 9,416.6 ± 3,984.0 ybp; CI=95% • M10a1a1b – Altai, Korea, Japan, China • M10a1a1b* – Chinese Uyghur • M10a1a1b1 • M10a1a1b1* – Japan, China • M10a1a1b1a – China • M10a1a1b1b – China • M10a1a1b1c – Uyghur, Altai-Kizhi and Bangladeshis) [TMRCA 18,139.1 ± 5,462.4 ybp; CI=95%), Russia (Altai-Kizhi [TMRCA 6,451.1 ± 4,521.6 ybp; CI=95% etc.), Thailand (Black and Red Lahu in Mae Hong Son Province (Hebei, Eastern China), Uyghur (Artux), Thailand, Singapore,), Belarus (Lipka Tatars) [TMRCA 14,045.7 ± 4,742.4 ybp; CI=95% Tibetan from Shigatse India (Lachungpa), China), Norway (Buskerud) • Haplogroup G2a1p (A374G) - Ladakh), Yakut), Soyot, • Haplogroup G2a2b (G12007A) – Buryat (Tunkinsky District,) • Haplogroup G2a5 – Japan,) • Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-C3351T - China (Jiangxi Province,), Dungan Naxi,), Sarikoli (Tashkurgan • Haplogroup G3a1'2-A12661G - Uyghur), Korea,) • Haplogroup G3a3 [TMRCA 12,900 (95% CI 6,000 24,200) ybp] (Dirang Monpa Tibet (Monpa, Tai Yuan from Central Thailand Oirat Mongols in Xinjiang, Barghuts in Hulunbuir, Koreans, and Yakuts and Dolgans in central Siberia Chams, Mon, • Haplogroup M53 – India • Haplogroup M53b – Kamar of Chhattisgarh • Haplogroup M21 – small clade found in SE Asia (Semang, Semelai, Temuan, • Haplogroup M24 • Haplogroup M24a – found in Thailand, Cambodia (Khmer), Palawan (Tagbanua), Fiji,) • Haplogroup Q [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_Q.htm – found in Melanesia and Australia (Aboriginal peoples) • Haplogroup M31 – found among the Onge, in the Andaman Islands • Haplogroup M33b – Nepal (Tharu), India • Haplogroup M33b1 – Sonowal Kachari, Dai (Jianshui) • Haplogroup M33b2 – India, Nepal (Kathmandu) • Haplogroup M33c – Ashkenazi Jews (Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, Austria, Latvia, Poland), Han Chinese • Haplogroup M35b1'2'3 – India, Germany, USA • Haplogroup M35b1 – India (Madia) • Haplogroup M35b2 – India (Kathodi, Munda), Russia • Haplogroup M35b3 – India (Ladakh) • Haplogroup M35b4 – India (Toto), Nepal (Kathmandu) • Haplogroup M35c – India (Kathodi, Andh) • Haplogroup M39'70 • Haplogroup M39 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M39.htm – found in South Asia • Haplogroup M42 – Sri Lanka • Haplogroup M42a – Australian Aboriginal peoples • Haplogroup M42b • Haplogroup M42b1 • Haplogroup M42b2 • Haplogroup M74 - Cambodia (Kampong Thom,) • Haplogroup M74a - Thailand (Hmong, • Haplogroup M55 - Myanmar, Thailand, Malay • Haplogroup M77 - Indonesia • Haplogroup M62'68 • Haplogroup M62 • Haplogroup M68 • Haplogroup M68a1 • Haplogroup M68a1a - Cambodia, Vietnam • Haplogroup M68a1b • Haplogroup M68a2 • Haplogroup M68a2a- Cambodia • Haplogroup M68a2b • Haplogroup M68a2c • Haplogroup M71 - India • Haplogroup M71a'b (M71-C151T) - India, Myanmar, Cambodia (Mel), Laos (Lao in Vientiane), Thailand (Lawa, Karen, Shan, Blang, Phuan, Lao Isan, Khon Mueang), Vietnam (Ede). Also found in approximately 10,500 year-old human remains ("Longlin") from Longlin Cave near De'e, Longlin County, Guangxi Province, China. • Haplogroup M71a - Thailand (Thai, Tai Yuan, Khon Mueang), China (Fujian) • Haplogroup M71a1 - China (Han from Xiamen and Lanzhou, Tai Yuan and Tai Khün from Northern Thailand, • Haplogroup M73 • Haplogroup M73a • Haplogroup M73a1 • Haplogroup M73a1a • Haplogroup M73a1b - Vietnam • Haplogroup M73a2 - Papua New Guinea, East Timor • Haplogroup M73a3 - Philippines (Aklan) • Haplogroup M73b - Indonesia • Haplogroup M73b1 - Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia • Haplogroup M73c • Haplogroup M79 - China • Haplogroup M80'D • Haplogroup M80 – found in Batak people of Palawan and occasionally also in West Asia and Europe. ==Subclades==

Tree This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup M subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research. • M • M1 • M1a • M1a1 • M1a1a • M1a1b • M1a1b1 • M1a1c • M1a1d • M1a1e • M1a1f • M1a2 • M1a2a • M1a2b • M1a3 • M1a3a • M1a3b • M1a4 • M1a5 • M1b • M1b1 • M1b1a • M1b2 • M1b2a • M2 • M2a • M2a1 • M2a2 • M2a3 • M2b • M2b1 • M2b2 • M3 • M3a • M4"45 • M4 • M4a • M4b • M4b1 • M18'38 • M18 • M38 • M30 • M30a • M30b • M30c • M30c1 • M30c1a • M30c1a1 • M30d • M37 • M37a • M43 • M45 • M5 • M5a • M5a1 • M5a1a • M5a1b • M5a2 • M5a2a • M6 • M7 • M7a • M7a1 • M7a1a • M7a1a1 • M7a1a1a • M7a1a2 • M7a1a3 • M7a1a4 • M7a1a4a • M7a1a5 • M7a1a6 • M7a1a7 • M7a1b • M7a2 • M7a2a • M7a2b • M7b'c'd'e • M7b'd • M7b • M7b1'2 • M7b1 • M7b2 • M7b2a • M7b2b • M7b2c • M7b3 • M7b3a • M7d • M7c'e • M7c • M7c1 • M7c1a • M7c1b • M7c1b1 • M7c2 • M7c2a • M7c3 • M7c3a • M7c3b • M7c3c • M7e • M8 • M8a • M8a1 • M8a2 • M8a2a • M8a2b • CZ • C • Z • M9 • M9a'b'c'd • M9a'c'd • M9a'd • M9a • M9a1 • M9a2 • M9a3 • M9d • M9c • M9b • E • M10'42 • M10 • M10a • M10a1 • M10a2 • M42 • M42a • M11 • M11a • M11b • M12'G • M12 • M12a • G • M13 • M13a • M13a1 • M14 • M15 • M21 • M21a'b • M21a • M21b • M21c'd • M21c • M21d • M22 • M23 • M25 • M27 • M27a • M27b • M27c • M28 • M28a • M28b • M29'Q • M29 • M29a • M29b • Q • M31 • M31a • M31a1 • M31a1a • M31a1b • M31a2 • M31b'c • M31b • M31b1 • M31b2 • M31c • M32'56 • M32 • M32a • M32c • M56 • M33 • M33a • M33b • M33c • M34 • M34a • M35 • M35a • M35b • M36 • M36a • M39 • M39a • M40 • M40a • M41 • M44'52 • M44 • M52 • M46 • M47'50 • M47 • M50 • M48 • M49 • M51 • M52'58 • M52 • D == Notable members ==

• Broadcast journalist Robert Siegel is a member of haplogroup M1a1b. • Violinist Joshua Bell belongs to haplogroup M33c. ==See also==