Otis was born in
Frederick, Maryland on March 25, 1838. He attended the University of Rochester, where he was a member of the Iota chapter of
St. Anthony Hall aka the Fraternity of Delta Psi. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1860 and was practicing law during the first year of the Civil War.
Civil War During the
American Civil War, Otis was appointed captain in the
140th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment formed in Rochester, NY in September 1862. He fought at the battles of Fredericksburg,
Chancellorsville and
Gettysburg. On December 23, 1863, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel of his regiment. At the
Battle of Spotsylvania the regiment's colonel was killed and Otis assumed command. He fought in all the battles of the
Overland Campaign. During the
Siege of Petersburg, he assumed command of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division in
V Corps leading it into action at the
Battle of Peebles' Farm. During this battle he was severely wounded, which effectively ended his field career during the Civil War. He was promoted to
brevet brigadier general of volunteers for actions at Peebles' Farm. Otis eventually recovered and was appointed lieutenant colonel of the
22nd U.S. Infantry in 1867.
Indian Wars Otis continued serving in the army during the Indian Wars as part of the 22nd U.S. including campaigning in Montana in the aftermath of the
Battle of the Little Bighorn. On February 8, 1880, he was appointed colonel of the
20th U.S. Infantry. On November 28, 1893, he was appointed brigadier general in the regular army. He later commanded the
Department of the Columbia and the Department of Colorado.
Philippine–American War On May 4, 1898, he was appointed
major general of volunteers and was sent to the Philippines with reinforcements for General
Wesley Merritt. Otis assumed command of the
Eighth Army Corps, replacing Merritt, who had become the military governor of the Philippines. Merritt served as military governor only briefly before he returned to the United States. On August 28, 1898, Otis was appointed Military Governor for the Philippines. He also continued in command of Eighth Corps during the
Philippine–American War. He conducted the U.S. Army during the
Battle of Manila in 1899 and during the first phase of the insurrection before fighting turned primarily to guerrilla warfare. When Filipino General
Emilio Aguinaldo tried to stop the war by sending an emissary to General Otis to appeal for an end to the fighting in the Second Battle of Manila, Otis rejected it, insisting that "fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end." In May 1899, the
American Anti-Imperialist League published a pamphlet of letters allegedly written by U.S. soldiers in the Philippines that documented numerous atrocities committed by troops, leading to a wide public backlash against Otis and the war. In response, Otis denied to the press that any abuses had been committed, and tracked down the authors of the letters, threatening them with a
court-martial if they did not immediately write a retraction. Despite his attempts to prevent reports of atrocities from reaching the press, Otis did admit that he suspected his troops of having committed atrocities, stating:
Later life He was relieved of command in 1900 and replaced by
Arthur MacArthur Jr., the father of
Douglas MacArthur. He returned to Rochester, NY to a grand reception on June 15, 1900. The City erected a 50 ft. "Arc de Triomphe"-style arch over its two main streets recognizing his war accomplishments. He went on to commanded the
Department of the Lakes. He was appointed major general in the regular army in 1906. Otis was a skilled general and able administrator. However, he was generally disliked by his subordinates and peers and received harsh treatment in the press. He was known as "Granny" by his troops because of his age and graying hair. On the other hand, Rudolph Rau writes of Otis' work in the Philippines that "He delegated no authority, was pompous and fuzzy, and inspired few". He died in Rochester, New York on October 21, 1909, from painful angina. He was buried in Mt. Hope Cemetery, along with other noted Rochesterians Frederick Douglas and Susan B. Anthony, but his remains were later moved to Arlington National Cemetery.
Family Elwell S. Otis married twice. His first wife was Louise Selden. They married in 1870, and had two daughters: • Laura Lu Otis born 1872 in North Dakota. Married Harry K. Elston. • Mary L. Otis born 1875 in New York. Married Ralph Isham. His second wife was Louisa Bowman, the daughter of
Alexander Hamilton Bowman and Marie Louisa Collins. The couple had one child. They were married in 1878. • Louise B. Otis born February 21, 1882, in Kansas and died December 27, 1963, in
Santa Barbara, California. She married George Wagner. Louisa "Lulu" Otis, the widow of Elwell Otis died in Santa Barbara, California on June 8, 1934. ==Legacy==