On September 5, 1990, IBM published a group of hardware and software announcements, two of which included overviews of three announcements: • System/390 (S/390), as in 360 for 1960s, 370 for 1970s. • Enterprise System/9000 (ES/9000), which followed the convention set forth by the IBM
PS/2 personal computer family and the IBM
AS/400 minicomputer both created at the end of the 1980s. • Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 (ESA/390) was
IBM's last
31-bit-address/
32-bit-data
mainframe computing design, copied by
Amdahl,
Hitachi, and
Fujitsu among other competitors. It was the successor of ESA/370 and, in turn, was succeeded by the
64-bit z/Architecture in 2000. Among other things, ESA/390 added fiber optics channels, known as Enterprise Systems Connection (
ESCON) channels, to the parallel (
Bus and Tag) channels of ESA/370. Despite the fact that IBM mentioned the 9000 family first in some of the day's announcements, it was clear "by the end of the day" that it was "for System/390," The ES/9000 include rack-mounted models, free standing air cooled models and water cooled models. The low end models were substantially less expensive than the 3090 or
4381 previously needed to run
MVS/ESA, and could also run
VM/ESA and
VSE/ESA, which IBM announced at the same time. IBM periodically added named features to ESA/390 in conjunction with new processors; the ESA/390 Principles of Operation manual identifies them only by name, not by the processors supporting them. Machines supporting the architecture were sold under the brand System/390 (S/390) from September 1990. The 9672 implementations of System/390 were the first high-end IBM mainframe architecture implemented first with
CMOS CPU electronics rather than the traditional
bipolar logic. The IBM z13 was the last z Systems server to support running an operating system in ESA/390 architecture mode. However, all 24-bit and 31-bit problem-state application programs originally written to run on the ESA/390 architecture readily run unaffected by this change. ==S/390 computers==
ES/9000 Eighteen models were announced September 5, 1990 for the ES/9000 in three form factors; the water-cooled 9021 to succeed the
IBM 3090, and the air-cooled standalone 9121 and rack-mounted 9221 to succeed the
IBM 4381 and
9370 respectively. The largest announced model had a 100-fold performance over the smallest model, and the clock frequency ranged from 67-111 MHz (15-9
ns) in the 9021 and 67 MHz in the 9121 to 26-33 MHz (38-30 ns) in the 9221. The 9221 models 120, 130 and 150 were initially available only with the "System/370 Base Option"; the "ESA Option" shipped in July 1991. The 9221 processors were made of
VLSI CMOS chips designed in
Böblingen, Germany, whence the
9672 line later originated. The lower 6 of the 8 water-cooled models (codenamed H0) were immediately available, but used the same processor as the 3090-J, still at the 69 MHz (14.5 ns) maximum frequency and thus with unchanged performance. Those models' main difference from the 3090-J was the optional addition of
ESCON,
Sysplex and Integrated Cryptographic Feature. Only the models 900 and 820 had an all-new design (codenamed H2), featuring private split I+D 128+128 KB L1 caches and a shared 4 MB L2 cache (2 MB per side) with 11-cycle latency, more direct interconnects between the processors, multi-level
TLBs,
branch target buffer and 111 MHz (9
ns) clock frequency. These were the first models with
out-of-order execution since the
System/370-195 of 1973. However unlike the old
S/360-91-derived systems, the models 900 and 820 had full out-of-order execution for both integer and floating-point units, with
precise exception handling, and a fully
superscalar pipeline. Models 820 and 900 shipped to customers in September 1991, a year later than the models with older technology. Later these new technologies were used in models 520, 640, 660, 740 and 860. All three lines got additions and upgrades until 1993–1994. In February 1993 an 8-processor 141 MHz (7.1
ns) model 982 became available, with models 972, 962, 952, 942, 941, 831, 822, 821 and 711 following in March. These models, codenamed H5, had double the L2 cache and 30% higher per-processor performance than the H2 line, and added a hardware
data compression. The compression was also included in the new, 50% faster models of the 9121. In April 1994, alongside the
CMOS-based new 9672 series and improved 9221 models (with 40% faster cycle time and data compression),
Models ES/9000 features •
ESCON fiber optic
channels •
Sysplex for synchronizing the systems to ease management • Vector Facility: up to one
vector processor per Central Processor available on the 9021 and 9121. First used on the 3090 to replace the IBM 3838 array processor announced in 1976 for System/370. • Up to one Integrated Cryptographic Feature (ICRF) per side was available on the 9021 for accelerating
encryption, succeeding the 3848 Cryptographic Unit. • (Each Central Processor accommodates one
coprocessor at a time; the combined number of installed Vector Facilities and ICRFs cannot exceed the number of Central Processors.) • The new models of the 9021 and 9121 from 1993 and 9221 from 1994 feature
data compression hardware.
Logical partitioning Previously available only on
IBM 3090, Logical Partitions (LPARs) are a standard feature of the ES/9000 processors whereby IBM's
Processor Resource/Systems Manager (PR/SM)
hypervisor allows different operating systems to run concurrently in separate logical partitions (LPARs), with a high degree of isolation. Initially 7 partitions per a disconnected side were supported. In December 1992 the LPAR capacity of the H2 (520-based) models was increased to 10 per a disconnected side. For example, a two-processor model 660 could now support up to 20 partitions instead of 14, if the two sides (each with one processor) are electrically isolated. This was introduced as part of IBM's moving towards "lights-out" operation and increased control of multiple system configurations.
9672 Launched in 1994 first as the "Parallel Transaction Server" (alongside the 9673 "Parallel Query Server"), subsumed by the "Parallel Enterprise Server" launched later in the year, the six generations of the IBM 9672 machines transitioned IBM's mainframes fully to
CMOS microprocessors, as by a strategic decision no more ES/9000 (
bipolar-based except the 9221) models would be released after 1994. The initial generations of 9672 were slower than the largest ES/9000 sold in parallel, but the fifth and sixth generations were the most powerful and capable ESA/390 machines built by IBM. In the course of the generations, CPUs added more instructions and increased performance. The first three generations (G1 to G3) focused on low cost. The 4th generation was aimed at matching the performance of the last
bipolar model, the 9021-9X2. It was decided to be accomplished by pursuing high clock frequencies. The G4 could reach 70% higher frequency than the G3 at silicon process parity, but it suffered a 23%
IPC reduction from the G3. but it wasn't until the 370 MHz model RY5 (with a "Modular Cooling Unit") became available at the end of the year that a 9672 would almost match the 141 MHz model 9X2's performance. At 370 MHz it was the second-highest clocked
microprocessor at the time, after the
Alpha 21164 of
DEC. The execution units in each G4 processor are duplicated for the purpose of
error detection and correction. Arriving in late September 1998, the G5 more than doubled the performance over any previous IBM mainframe, The G5 operated at up to 500 MHz, again second only to the DEC Alphas into early 1999. The G5 also added support for the
IEEE 754 floating-point formats. The thousandth G5 system shipped less than 100 days after the manufacturing began; the greatest ramping of production in S/390's history. In late May 1999 the G6 arrived featuring
copper interconnects, raising the frequency to 637 MHz, higher than the fastest DEC machines at the time. First
Linux distributions were supported on G5, Multiprise 3000, and G6.
Other In September 1996, IBM launched the S/390
Multiprise 2000, positioned below the 9672. It used the same technology as the 9672 G3, but it fit half as many processors (up to five) and its off-chip caches were smaller. The 9672 G3 and the Multiprise 2000 were the last versions to support pre-XA
System/370 mode. In October 1997 models of Multiprise 2000 with an 11% higher performance were launched. The
Multiprise 3000, based on the 9672 G5, became available in September 1999, featuring
PCI buses. The
S/390 Integrated Server, an even lower-end S/390 system than Multiprise, shipped by the end of 1998. It emerged from a line of S/390-compatibility/coprocessor cards for PCs, but is a true S/390 system capable of server duties, having relegated the
Pentium II to the role of an I/O coprocessor. It was the first S/390 server to support PCI. It had the same performance and 256 MB maximum memory capacity as the 7 years older low-end 9221 model 170. From 1997 IBM also offered a "S/390 Application StarterPak", intended as a
software development kit for developing and testing mainframe software. ==See also==