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Izaak Kolthoff

Izaak Maurits (Piet) Kolthoff was an analytical chemist and chemistry educator. He is widely considered the father of analytical chemistry for his large volume of published research in diverse fields of analysis, his work to modernize and promote the field, and for advising a large number of students who went on to influential careers of their own.

Early life and education
Kolthoff was born in Almelo, Netherlands, on February 11, 1894, the son of Moses and Rosetta (Wysenbeek) Kolthoff. He was the youngest of three children. At an early age, Kolthoff received the nickname "Piet" for unknown reasons; he continued to be called by this nickname throughout his life. The pharmacy program at Utrecht provided a strong foundation in analytical chemistry. There Kolthoff met Nicholas Schoorl, a professor of pharmacy who became his academic adviser. Schoorl's instruction in analytical chemistry provided an emphasis on fundamental chemical principles, which was unusual at the time. Kolthoff published his first paper in 1915 on pH, a concept that had been introduced by S. P. L. Sørensen in 1909. Also in 1915, Kolthoff obtained an "apotheker" degree in pharmacy. He continued his education at Utrecht with advanced courses in physical and colloid chemistry. When the classical language requirement for physical sciences was lifted in 1918, Kolthoff received a PhD in chemistry from the University of Utrecht. By the time he received his doctoral degree, Kolthoff had already published 32 papers in several fields. == Career ==
Career
Kolthoff remained at the University of Utrecht as a lecturer in electrochemistry and a researcher until 1927. During this time he authored or coauthored 270 papers and three books and promoted the concept of pH, which was not well understood at the time. He also conducted a lecture tour of the United States and Canada in 1924. These activities earned him an international reputation. Kolthoff's scientific approach to analysis is widely accepted today, but was rare in the early 1900s when his career began. Teaching Kolthoff advised 51 doctoral students in chemistry at the University of Minnesota, including Johannes F. Coetzee, Herbert A. Laitinen, James J. Lingane and Ernest B. Sandell, and several other masters and bachelors students. • Der Gebrauch von Farbenindikatoren (1922): Kolthoff's first published monograph. This book went through several German editions and was translated into English in 1926. It was later titled "Acid-Base Indicators" after being expanded in 1937 with C. Rosenblum as coauthor. • Konduktometrische Titrationen (1924) and Potentiometric Titrations (1926):Kolthoff began to use conductometry and poteniometry in 1918 and 1920, respectively, which led to these two monograms. Potentiometric Titrations was especially influential, not only in analytical chemistry, but in other fields as well. • Massanalyse (two volumes in 1927 and 1928): A continuation of his fundamental studies of classical methods, it was translated and coauthored by N. H. Furman in 1928 under the title "Volumetric Analysis." It also appeared much later (1942–1958) in an expanded three-volume edition coauthored by V.A. Stenger, G. Matsuyama, and R. Belcher. • The Colorimetric and Potentiometric Determination of pH (1931): This was Kolthoff's first book that was meant to be used as text for instruction. It was expanded with H. A. Laitinen in 1941 and released under the title "pH and Electrotitrations." • Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis (1936): Co-authored by E. B. Sandell, this book presented fundamentals and experimental features of analysis, and was among Kolthoff's most influential textbooks. In 1969 it appeared under the new title "Quantitative Chemical Analysis," with contributions from Sandell, E. J. Meehan, and S. Bruckenstein as coauthors. • Polarography (1941): Co-authored with James J. Lingane, this introduction to voltammetry was expanded in 1952 into two volumes. • Emulsion Polymerization (1955): This book related to Kolthoff's work in synthetic rubber and his development of cold rubber. It was coauthored with F.A. Bovey, A.I. Medalia, and E.J. Meehan. • Treatise on Analytical Chemistry (first edition 1959): Co-published with Philip J. Elving, this is Kolthoff's largest and most notable work. The volume is in three parts: "Theory and Practice" (11 volumes, published between 1959 and 1976), "Analytical Chemistry of Inorganic and Organic Compounds" (16 volumes, published between 1961 and 1980), and "Analytical Chemistry in Industry" (four volumes, completed in 1977) == Personal life and activism ==
Personal life and activism
During World War II, Kolthoff worked with the Rockefeller Foundation to relocate European scientists who were persecuted by Nazis to universities in the U.S. Following World War II, he traveled to the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia to build cooperation with scientists there. Kolthoff never married and lived most of his life a short distance from the chemistry building, in later life in a small apartment on the first floor of Comstock Hall (at the time an all female dormatory) and maintained an office on the sixth floor of the Coffman Union. After retiring, he continued working with his lab assistant Miron Chantooni. Kolthoff died of kidney failure on 4 March 1993 at Bethesda Lutheran Hospital and Rehabilitation Center in St. Paul. ==Awards and honors==
Awards and honors
Kolthoff was the recipient of many awards, honorary degrees, and other honors throughout his career, some of which are listed below. Awards and medals • William H. Nichols Medal, New York Section, American Chemical Society, 1949 • Fisher Award (now called the ACS Award in Analytical Chemistry), American Chemical Society, 1950 • Willard Gibbs Medal Award, Chicago Section, American Chemical Society, 1964 • Charles Medal, Charles University, 1964 • Kolthoff Gold Medal, Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the American Pharmaceutical Association (now the American Pharmacists Association), 1967 • Award for Excellence in Education (now called the J. Calvin Giddings Award for Excellence in Education), American Chemical Society Division of Analytical Chemistry, 1983 • Robert Boyle Prize for Analytical Science, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1984 Honorary degrees University of Chicago, 1955 • University of Groningen, 1964 Kolthoff was inducted into the Minnesota Inventors Hall of Fame in 1985 and the Minnesota Science and Technology Hall of Fame in 2012. In 2014, the American Chemical Society named Kolthoff's contributions to modern analytical chemistry a National Historic Chemical Landmark. == References ==
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