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Eurhinosaurus

Eurhinosaurus is an extinct genus of ichthyosaur from the Early Jurassic (Toarcian), ranging between 183 and 175 million years. Fossils of this genus have been found across Western Europe, such as in England, southern and northern Germany, the Benelux, France and Switzerland.

History and discovery
'', Natural History Museum, UK The name Ichthyosaurus longirostris was first published by Gideon Mantell in 1851 in a guide to the paleontological galleries of the old British Museum, to name one of the displayed ichthyosaurian specimens. That specimen had an exceedingly slender and elongated muzzle, but the skull was crushed, preserving few characteristics. The specific name, longirostris, was just affixed to the specimen. Since the diagnostic features were so unclear, scientists at that time were not able to name this specimen. Three years later, another species — E. mistelgauensis — was described by Spicher et al., (2025). The holotype, UMO BT 011 221.00, comprises an almost complete specimen with 3D preservation. == Description ==
Description
Eurhinosaurus was a large-bodied, small-toothed, slender ichthyosaur; paired pectoral and pelvic fins, along with remarkably large eyes. The upper jaw was extremely long and lower jaw was weak but much shorter, which showed an extreme "overbite", much as in the extant swordfish Xiphias. Their hindfins were about two thirds the length of forefins. In the shoulder girdle, the interclavicle is small and T-shaped. The scapula is elongated with a narrow, expanded dorsal blade. The post-glenoidal portion of the coracoid was larger than the much reduced anterior extension. The coracoid was rounded with a notch in the anterolateral margin. The humerus had a constricted, very thickened head and expanded, flattened distal end. The pelvic girdle was moderately reduced and also showed the fusion of pubis and ilium seen Stenopterygius. The plate-like bones of the pelvis (pubis and ischium) had modified to the elongate and waisted bones. The pubis in this genus lacked an obturator foramen. == Classification ==
Classification
'' The cladogram below is based on Sander (2000), Maisch and Matzke (2000), and an analysis by Marek et al (2015). }} == Palaeobiology ==
Palaeobiology
Like other ichthyosaurs, Eurhinosaurus was a high-speed swimmer, using the lateral oscillations of their caudal fluke on a flexible tail stock for swimming. The postcranial morphology of Eurhinosaurus was intermediate between those of very fast-swimmers and slower, more flexible predators. Eurhinosaurus had a slender fusiform body with long limbs and fluke. Neural spines of fluke vertebrae were very short and almost erect. The relatively large hind limbs of Eurhinosaurus suggested their use in steering and probably propulsion at a very low speed. The swimming style of Eurhinosaurus was thunniform. Their hypocercal caudal fin, which was mounted on the narrow peduncle, moved through the water in a sinuous curve by the powerful muscles of the posterior trunk and the anterior tail region. From this motion, a strong force would be generated to push Eurhinosaurus forward. Like other ichthyosaurs, Eurhinosaurus probably was a deep diver. Eurhinosaurus has a very large orbit with scleral ring, a circular shaped bone that was embedded in their eye. The scleral ring was probably used to maintain the shape of their eyes against the high pressure in the deep sea while they were diving. The big eye of Eurhinosaurus suggested that they had very good visual capacity, which helped them see clearly in the dark environment of the deep sea. Feeding mechanisms and diet Inferred from their extreme overbite, the genus probably used a predatory strategy close to Xiphias, or the swordfish of today. The elongated, densely toothed upper jaw was used as weapon to penetrate or injure small soft prey items. Eurhinosaurus belongs to the "Pierce I" predatory guild, so its dietary habits were consisted of small and soft, very delicate prey, such as small fishes, oysters, and squid-like cephalopods. == Palaeoenvironment ==
Palaeoenvironment
Eurhinosaurus lived in the open ocean, far away from the coastline. Besides, the fossil of the Eurhinosaurus was found with some other ichthyosaurus or marine creatures such as ammonites. This was also the evidence could show Eurhinosaurus was a creature from the marine environment. == See also ==
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