List of allergens

Balsam of Peru ;Routes : Oral (food), Skin contact ;Symptoms : Redness, swelling, itching, allergic contact dermatitis reactions, stomatitis (inflammation and soreness of the mouth or tongue), cheilitis (inflammation, rash, or painful erosion of the lips, oropharyngeal mucosa, or angles of their mouth), pruritus, hand eczema, generalized or resistant plantar dermatitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and blisters. Present in many foods, such as coffee, flavored tea, wine, beer, gin, liqueurs, apéritifs (e.g. vermouth, bitters), soft drinks including cola, juice, citrus, citrus fruit peel, marmalade, tomatoes and tomato-containing products, Mexican and Italian foods with red sauces, ketchup, spices (e.g. cloves, Jamaica pepper (allspice), cinnamon, nutmeg, paprika, curry, anise, and ginger), chili sauce, barbecue sauce, chutney, pickles, pickled vegetables, chocolate, vanilla, baked goods and pastries, pudding, ice cream, chewing gum, and candy. Present in many drugs, such as hemorrhoid suppositories and ointment (e.g. Anusol), cough medicine/suppressant and lozenges, diaper rash ointments, oral and lip ointments, tincture of benzoin, wound spray (it has been reported to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as the common ulcer-causing bacteria H. pylori in test-tube studies), calamine lotion, surgical dressings, dental cement, eugenol used by dentists, some periodontal impression materials, and in the treatment of dry socket in dentistry. A number of national and international surveys have identified Balsam of Peru as being in the "top five" allergens causing patch test reactions in people referred to dermatology clinics. Buckwheat ;Routes : Oral (food), Nasal (inhalation) ;Symptoms : Asthma, rhinitis, pruritus, gastrointestinal disturbances, urticaria, angioedema, shock, anaphylaxis Allergenicity is highest in Japan and Korea. It is estimated that buckwheat causes 5% of all immediate-type allergic reaction cases (from food) in Japan. Hazard extends to inhalation of milled flour particles (aeroallergen). Irrespective of the nomenclature, it is not a wheaten cereal; the name refers to its viability as a pseudocereal. Relating or conflating buckwheat allergy with wheat allergy or Triticeae hypersensitivities should be avoided. Celery ;Routes : Oral (food) ;Symptoms : Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, oral allergy syndrome, urticaria, neck or facial swelling, severe asthma symptoms, exercise induced anaphylaxis, potentially fatal anaphylactic shocks Higher risk of provoking life-threatening reactions compared to most other food allergies. Celery seeds and celeriac are more allergenic than celery stalks. Some individuals become cross-sensitized to other spices and herbs in the parsley family. Prevalence is high among adults in Central Europe. It is estimated that two-fifths of all Swiss food-allergy patients react to celery tubers and nearly a third of severe food allergy reactions in France may be due to celery. Fruit ; Routes : Oral (food) ; Symptoms : Mild itching, rash, generalized urticaria, oral allergy syndrome, abdominal pain, vomiting, anaphylaxis A wide range of fruits may cause allergy. Mango, strawberries, banana, avocado, and kiwi are common problems. Severe allergies to tomatoes have also been reported. Some cross-react with latex allergy. Stone fruits are highly cross-reactive with one another, as are the rosaceae fruits rarely anaphylaxis Very few garlic allergens have been reported, and garlic allergy has been rarely studied. Some garlic-allergic individuals may cross-react with leek, shallot and onion (other Allium). Garlic that has been heated/cooked is less allergenic than raw garlic. Oat ; Routes : Oral (food), inhalation ; Symptoms : Dermatitis, respiratory problems, anaphylaxis Risk extends to respiratory inhalation. Oat is not a triticeae cereal but it is possible for individuals with gluten-related disorders to be misdiagnosed as having a hypersensitivity to pure oat because cross-contamination is very common in the western world. Wheat (and other cereals) ; Routes : Oral (food), inhalation ; Symptoms : Eczema (atopic dermatitis), Hives, asthma, "baker's asthma", hay fever, oral allergy syndrome, angioedema, abdominal cramps, Celiac disease, diarrhea, temporary (3 or 4 day) mental incompetence, anemia, nausea, vomiting and exercise induced anaphylaxis ; Chemical nature : Protein Risk extends to wheat hybrids like triticale. The allergy does not commonly persist into adolescence. Gluten-free foods are safer for wheat allergic patients but they still may theoretically contain wheat's other allergenic proteins. Wheat allergy symptoms should not be confused with celiac disease, gluten ataxia or non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). While wheat allergies are "true" allergies, celiac disease and gluten ataxia are an autoimmune diseases. NCGS is more similar to food intolerances but as of 2021 its pathogenesis is still not well understood. Legumes ; Chemical nature : Seed "storage proteins" Peanut ; Routes : Oral (food), inhalation : Symptoms : Anaphylaxis and swelling, sometimes vomiting Distinct from tree nut allergy, as peanuts are legumes. Reactions are often severe or fatal. Includes some cold-pressed peanut oils. Highly refined (hot pressed followed by further treatment) peanut oils contain almost no protein and present minimal risk. Soy ; Routes : Oral (food), inhalation ; Symptoms : Anaphylaxis, asthma exacerbation, rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, hives, atopic dermatitis, swelling of, or under the dermis, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting Overall is lower in prevalence than both peanut allergy and cow's milk allergy. However, due to similar protein structures, soya is a common cross-reactive allergen in both peanut-allergic individuals and milk-allergic individuals; especially infants. Again, highly-refined oil is not allergenic. Maize ; Routes : Oral (food), inhalation ; Symptoms : Hives, pallor, confusion, dizziness, stomach pain, swelling, vomiting, indigestion, diarrhea, cough, tightness in throat, wheezing, shortness of breath, anaphylaxis Often a difficult allergy to manage due to the various food products which contain various forms of maize protein. Mustard seed ; Routes : Oral (food), inhalation ; Symptoms : Eczema, Rash, Hives, Facial swelling, Other skin reactions, Oral allergy syndrome, Conjunctivitis, Wheezing, Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Nausea, Vomiting, Acid Reflux, Dizziness, Asthma, Chest pain, Respiratory problems, Anaphylaxis Mustard allergy onset is usually in infancy or toddlerhood; it is seemingly very rare but true prevalence can not be established due to several tests producing high rates of false positives. Due to a gradual increase in prevalence and the severity of known reactions it became recognized as the 11th priority allergen by Canada in 2009, and a top 14 priority allergen by the European Union in 2014. Rice ; Routes : Oral (food), inhalation ; Symptoms : Sneezing, runny nose, itching, stomachache, eczema. Sesame ; Routes : Oral (food), skin, inhalation ; Symptoms : Potentially systemic anaphylactic responses. By law, foods containing sesame must be labeled so in European Union, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In 2018, the US FDA issued a request for information for the consideration of labeling for sesame to help protect people who have sesame allergies. A decision was reached in November 2020 that food manufacturers voluntarily declare that when powdered sesame seeds are used as a previously unspecified spice or flavor, the label be changed to "spice (sesame)" or "flavor (sesame)". Via congressional act, it was declared that food manufacturers must acknowledge sesame as a priority food allergen by the 2023 deadline. Tree nut ; Routes : Oral (food), inhalation, skin ; Symptoms : Anaphylaxis, swelling, rash, hives, sometimes vomiting Hazard extends to exposure to cooking vapors, or handling. Distinct from peanut allergy, as peanuts are legumes. Pollen ; Routes : Inhalation, eye contact ; Symptoms : Sneezing, body ache, headache (in rare cases, extremely painful cluster headaches may occur due to allergic sinusitis; these may leave a temporary time period of 1 and a half to 2 days with eye sensitivity), allergic conjunctivitis (includes watery, red, swelled, itchy, and irritating eyes), runny nose, irritation of the nose, nasal congestion, minor fatigue, chest pain and discomfort, coughing, sore throat, facial discomfort (feeling of stuffed face) due to allergic sinusitis, possible asthma attack, wheezing Latex ; Routes : Skin contact, mucousal contact ; Symptoms : Contact dermatitis, hypersensitivity Risk factors for reaction to latex include spina bifida, family history of allergy to latex, or a personal history of allergies, asthma, or eczema. Urushiol ; Routes : Skin contact ; Symptoms : Contact dermatitis One of the most common allergies. Urushiol is found in various plants, most notably plants in the Toxicodendron genus, such as poison oak and poison ivy. == Animal ==

Egg (chicken, birds) ; Routes : Oral (food) ; Symptoms : Anaphylaxis, swelling, sometimes flatulence and vomiting Egg yolk and egg white contain different proteins. An allergic individual may not have any reaction to consuming food only prepared with egg yolk and not egg white, or vice versa. Due to high protein content, egg white allergy is more common than the reverse. The majority of children with this allergy become tolerant by adulthood. Fish ; Routes : Oral (food) ; Symptoms : Respiratory reactions, Anaphylaxis, oral allergy syndrome, sometimes vomiting One of three allergies to seafood, not to be conflated with allergies to crustaceans and mollusks. People with fish allergies have a 50% likelihood of being cross reactive with another fish species, but some individuals are only allergic to one species, such as; tilapia salmon, Hazard extends to exposure to cooking vapors or handling. Milk ; Routes : Oral (food) ; Symptoms : Skin rash, hives, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, stomach pain, flatulence, colitis, nasal congestion, dermatitis, blisters, migraine, anaphylaxis Protein allergy, not to be confused with lactose intolerance. Allergy to cow's milk is the most common food allergy in infants and young children Some evidence suggests goat's milk has less allergenic potential than cow's milk and reduced risk of allergy development if infants are weaned with goat's milk. Due to adult-onset sensitization it is estimated to be the second most common food allergy in American adults. Poultry meat ; Routes : Oral (food) ; Symptoms : Hives, swelling of, or under the dermis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe oral allergy syndrome, shortness of breath, rarely anaphylactic shock Very rare allergies to chicken, turkey, squab, and sometimes more mildly to other avian meats. Not to be confused with secondary reactions of bird-egg syndrome. The genuine allergy has no causal relationship with egg allergy, nor is there any close association with red meat allergy. Prevalence still unknown as of 2016. Red meat ; Routes : Oral (food) ; Symptoms : Hives, swelling, dermatitis, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath, anaphylaxis Allergies to the sugar carbohydrate found in beef, venison, lamb, and pork called alpha-gal. This carbohydrate is made by almost all mammals, with the notable exception of old world monkeys and apes (including humans). Tick bites may inject this substance into the bloodstream; combined with other defense mechanisms against tick bites, this causes the human body to flag alpha-gal as a foreign antigen. Allergic reaction to pork is an exception, as it may also be caused by pork-cat syndrome instead of alpha-gal allergy. Shellfish ; Routes : Oral (food), inhalation ; Symptoms : Respiratory symptoms, Anaphylaxis, oral allergy syndrome, gastrointestinal symptoms, rhinitis, conjunctivitis Shellfish allergies are highly cross reactive. Its prevalence is much higher than that of fish allergy. Shellfish allergy is the leading cause of food allergy in U.S adults. or "major 14" allergens it is sometimes specified as a "crustacean shellfish" allergy, or more simply, a "crustacean allergy". Sometimes it is conflated with an allergy to molluscan shellfish but complete tolerance to one but not the other is not uncommon. Most usually, a mono-sensitive individual will experience a crustacean allergy alone with tolerance to mollusks, rather than vice versa. Insect sting ; Routes : Skin (injection) ; Symptoms : Hives, wheezing, possible anaphylaxis Possible from bee or wasp stings, or bites from mosquitoes or flies like Leptoconops torrens. Dust mite ; Routes : Skin, inhalation ; Symptoms : Asthma Home allergen reduction may be recommended Cat ; Routes : Inhalation ; Symptoms : Sneezing, itchy swollen eyes, rash, congestion, wheezing Cats express a number of protein allergens, numbered Fel d 1 to Fel d 7. Fel d 1 (from saliva, licked onto fur) and Fel d 4 are the most common culprits. Dog ; Routes : Inhalation ; Symptoms : Rash, sneezing, congestion, wheezing, vomiting from coughing, Sometimes itchy welts. Caused by dander, saliva or urine of dogs, or by dust, pollen or other allergens that have been carried on the fur. Allergy to dogs is present in as much as 10 percent of the population. fever, runny nose, extreme fatigue == Small organic molecules ==

Tartrazine ; Routes : Oral (food), inhalation ; Symptoms : Skin irritation, hives, rash A synthetic food dye used in processed foods like confections, soft drinks, flavoring syrups, condiments and convenience foods in order to create a potent yellow or bright green coloring. Prevalence of allergenicity is unclear but it is the most likely azo dye to cause hypersensitivity and reactions may occur from ingestion or skin contact. It is possible for some individuals to become desensitized. There is no strong evidence suggesting that tartrazine can cause hypersensitivity or intolerance in non-allergic individuals. === Dimethylaminopropylamine === ; Routes : Eyelid contact ; Symptoms : Eyelid dermatitis Present as unreacted residue within cocamidopropyl betaine, a mild detergent and foam booster used in liquid soaps and shampoos. Paraphenylenediamine ; Sources : Black hair dye, Color developer, Scuba gear, Henna (may be added to henna but is not found in pure henna) ; Cross-reactions : Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), Azo dyes, Sulfonamides, Sulfonylureas, Thiazides, Ester anesthetics Formaldehyde ; Sources : Present as unreacted residue in various resins, e.g. tosylamide/formaldehyde resin in nail polish and p-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin (PTBP-FR) in craft glues and commercial leather and rubber products ; Symptoms : When exposed to eyelid: eyelid dermatitis : When exposed to foot: Foot dermatitis Glyceryl monothioglycolate ; Sources : Permanent hair waving solutions ; Routes : Contact with integumentary system. Tetracycline ; Routes : Oral, injection ; Symptoms : Many, including: severe headache, dizziness, blurred vision, fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms, severe blistering, peeling, dark colored urine Dilantin ; Routes : Oral, injection ; Symptoms : Many, including: swollen glands, easy bruising or bleeding, fever, sore throat Carbamazepine ; Routes : Oral ; Symptoms : Shortness of breath, wheezing or difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, lips, tongue etc., hives Also known as brand name "Tegretol". β-lactams Penicillin ; Routes : Oral, injection, skin contact ; Symptoms : Diarrhea, hypersensitivity, nausea, rash, neurotoxicity, urticaria Although as many as 6–10% of the population are labelled as having a penicillin allergy, re-testing show that 90–95% of people labelled as such are actually not allergic. Re-testing and delabelling initiatives allow these patients to use penicillin instead of a higher-risk antibiotic. Cephalosporins ; Routes : Oral, injection, skin contact ; Symptoms : Maculopapular or morbilliform skin eruption, and less commonly urticaria, eosinophilia, serum-sickness–like reactions, and anaphylaxis. Rarer than penicillin allergy. Some cross-reaction due to molecular similarity. Sulfonamides ; Routes : Oral, injection, skin contact ; Symptoms : Urinary tract disorders, haemopoietic disorders, porphyria and hypersensitivity reactions, Stevens–Johnson syndrome toxic epidermal necrolysis The first broadly effective antibacterials to be used systemically. About 3% of the population are reported as allergic. Two regions of the sulfonamide antibiotic chemical structure are implicated in the hypersensitivity reactions associated with the class. • The first is the N1 heterocyclic ring, which causes a type I hypersensitivity (true allergy) reaction. • The second is the N4 amino nitrogen that, in a stereospecific process, forms reactive metabolites that cause either direct cytotoxicity or immunologic response. The nonantibiotic sulfonamides lack both of these structures. NSAIDs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (Ibuprofen, Aspirin, etc.) ; Symptoms : Many, including: swollen eyes, lips, or tongue, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate Radiocontrast ; Routes : Intervenous injection ; Symptoms : Anaphylactoid reactions and contrast-induced nephropathy (the latter is not related to allergy) === Local anesthetics === ; Symptoms : Urticaria and rash, dyspnea, wheezing, flushing, cyanosis, tachycardia == Small inorganic molecules ==

Sulfite ; Routes : Oral (food) ; Symptoms : Hives, rash, redness of skin, headache (particular frontal), burning behind eyes, asthma-like breathing difficulties, anaphylaxis Sulfites (also spelled "sulphites") are used as a preserving agents in many different foods, such as raisins, dried peaches, various other dried fruit, canned or frozen fruits and vegetables, wines, vinegars and processed meats. Allergy appears to be very rare in the general population but it is still often considered to be one of the top 10 food allergies. It is debated whether reaction to sulfites is a true allergy. Water ; Symptoms : Epidermal itching, swelling of the oral cavity after drinking water, anaphylaxis (in severe cases) Strictly aquagenic pruritus or aquagenic urticaria, but cold water may also cause cold urticaria Metals The following metal products may cause allergic contact dermatitis: • Nickel (nickel sulfate hexahydrate), also may cause dyshidrotic eczema • Gold (gold sodium thiosulfate) • Chromium • Cobalt chloride == Vaguely-defined artificial mixtures ==

These are man-made mixtures of no defined formula or method of production. Perfume ; Symptoms : Itchy eyes, runny nose, sore throat, headaches, muscle/joint pain, asthma attack, wheezing, chest pain, blisters Cosmetics ; Routes : Skin contact, eye contact ; Symptoms : Contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, inflammation, redness, conjunctivitis, sneezing Other vaguely-defined allergens • Photographic developers • Fungicide == Non-chemical ==

Cold stimuli ; Symptoms : Hives, itching == See also ==