Rome Fiumicino Airport

Early years During construction, the remains of some Roman ships were found. The airport was officially opened on 15 January 1961, with two runways, replacing the smaller Rome Ciampino Airport, which remains in service for some low-cost airlines as well as domestic and charter operations. Despite being officially opened in 1961, Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport had actually been in use since 20 August 1960. This was to help relieve air traffic that was congesting Rome Ciampino Airport during the 1960 Summer Olympics. During the 1960s, former home-based Alitalia invested heavily in the new airport, building hangars and maintenance centres; in the same period a third runway was added (16L/34R). Later development Since 2005, the airport operates a category III B instrument landing system (ILS). Further improvement work was implemented in 2007 to enable the airport to handle 30 takeoffs/landings per hour, up from 10, in the event of thick fog. Three runways presently operate at Leonardo da Vinci airport: 16L/34R and 16R/34L (separated by a distance of ), and 07/25, used only westwards for takeoffs owing to the prevailing winds. The airport used to have a fourth runway, 16C/34C which was located alongside 16L/34R, it was mostly used as a taxiway or as a backup for 16L/34R; the runway is now designated as Taxiway "D". In 2010, the new single baggage handling system for more efficient luggage delivery began operations. Terrorist attacks Rome-Fiumicino airport has been hit twice by terrorist attacks: the first in 1973 (34 deaths) following the expulsion of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from Jordan and the Jordanian–Palestinian civil war, and the second in 1985 (19 deaths +4 terrorists) part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, presumably linked to Abu Nidal Organization. == Terminals ==

Overview As of 2021, after major expansion and refurbishment works, the airport now features two terminals: • Terminal 1 (Gates A1–A83) home base to ITA Airways • Terminal 3 (Gates E1–E61) In January 2017, Terminal 5 was closed for renovations; a new central airside hall is currently being built in the middle section. The former Terminal 2 closed permanently on 15 December 2017 to make way for the north-west expansion of Terminal 1. A new three-storey boarding and waiting area, as well as a new Pier A with 13 boarding and 10 remote gates, have been built. From 17 March 2020 to 6 August 2021, Terminal 1 was closed due to decreased passenger traffic amidst the COVID-19 pandemic; this pause was used to perform a redesign of the main hall layout, which increased the available passenger space. Future plans include a new Terminal 4, expansion of runways, and new buildings for car parking, services, and airport facilities. SkyBridge An automated people mover (APM) called SkyBridge (Innovia APM 100) opened in 1999 along with the Satellite C. It consists of two stations, one on the third floor of Terminal 3, and the other on the second floor of gate area E31–44. This shuttle train is the only means of transport for passengers between the two sections of the terminal. The westbound service, from T3 to Gates E31–44, is for departing passengers only, while the eastbound service is for arriving passengers only. Arriving passengers are not permitted to take the train back, as they need to pass through a transfer security checkpoint to re-enter the departure area. Departing passengers are permitted to take the train back to Terminal 3. However, as departing passengers mix with arriving passengers, all passengers must exit the train in the main terminal building T3 and departing passengers have to clear security again. ==Airlines and destinations==

The following airlines operate regular scheduled, seasonal and charter flights to and from Fiumicino: }} ==Statistics==

Graph Busiest domestic routes Busiest European routes Busiest intercontinental routes ==Ground transport==

. On the left is the Leonardo Express and on the right is the FL1 line of the Lazio regional railways. at the station highway Leonardo Express Fiumicino Aeroporto railway station is served by the Leonardo Express train operated by Trenitalia, available at the airport terminal. It takes 30 minutes to get to Termini Station in the city center of Rome, with a non-stop trip that is provided every 15 minutes. The railway section to the airport was opened in May 1990, and uses the Rome-Fiumicino railway infrastructure. FL lines Leonardo da Vinci airport is also connected to Rome by the FL1 line, a suburban commuter and rapid transit line. The FL1 line does not provide a direct connection to Termini station, but connects the city by stopping at all stations between the airport and the northern outskirts of the city, with trains running every 15 minutes. It stops at most of Rome's main stations where it is possible to change to the metro, tram, and bus network: Trastevere (Tram lines 3 and 8), Ostiense (Metro Piramide), Tuscolana (Metro Ponte Lungo) or Roma Tiburtina (Metro Tiburtina). High-speed The airport is also connected to the Italian high-speed network, the following connections depart from Fiumicino Aeroporto station: • Frecciarossa (from 9 December 2018): which connects it to Venice via the national high-speed network with intermediate stops in Roma Termini, Roma Tiburtina, Firenze Santa Maria Novella, Bologna and Padua (frequency two pairs of trains per day). • Frecciarossa (from 12 July 2022): which connects to Naples via the national high-speed network with intermediate stops in Napoli Afragola and Roma Termini. Road Leonardo da Vinci is about by car from Rome's historic city centre. The airport is also served by different categories of transport: buses, shuttle buses, car sharing and taxis. The airport is a terminus for local and national bus lines: • Night connection COTRAL Fiumicino Airport - Roma Termini - Roma Tiburtina station • Connection COTRAL Fiumicino Airport - Rome Bus Rental Added to these are the national connections operated by the companies Flixbus and Itabus. It can be reached from the highways: • Rome - Fiumicino Airport; • Rome - Civitavecchia - Tarquinia. And also from the following streets: • state road which connects Ostia to Fiumicino; • SP1 Via Portuense provincial road which connects Fiumicino with Rome. Rome Fiumicino airport is equipped with: • Multi-storey car parks P-Terminal (A-B-C-D) • Long-term parking • Executive parking • Parking for motorcycles (available on the ground floor of the Multi-storey P-Terminal A). Leonardo da Vinci has improved the real-time info mobility service that is provided to passengers and airport operators on the leading connections from the airport. This new layout makes it easier for passengers to interpret information on connections to and from the airport. They have also upgraded road surfaces in the arrival areas of Terminal 1 and Terminal 3 to let taxis pull up to the platform more easily and make it easier for passengers to get off. ==Incidents and accidents==

From the 1960s until the 1980s, the airport experienced significant aircraft hijackings as well as being the scene of two major terrorist attacks and the port of origin for an aircraft bombing in flight—some engendered by Palestinians as part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. • On 17 December 1973, during the 1973 Rome airport attacks and hijacking, a Boeing 707-321B operating as Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) Flight 110 was attacked by Palestinian assailants. 30 passengers were killed when phosphorus bombs were thrown aboard the aircraft as it was preparing for departure. Two people died in the incident. • On 19 November 1977, an Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 707-360C, a cargo flight, crashed after takeoff W of FCO. The plane barely gained height after takeoff from runway 25, reaching a height of , contacting treetops, and struck the ground further on. All five occupants (three crew, two passengers) were killed. Unconfirmed reports indicated the plane was overloaded. • On 2 February 2013, Alitalia Flight 1670, operated by a leased ATR 72, en route from Pisa International Airport to Rome, overran the runway during landing. 16 occupants were injured, two of them seriously. The aircraft was subsequently written off. ==References==