Frances Parkinson Wheeler was born in
Charlottesville, Virginia. Her mother, Louise Fuller Johnson, was the daughter of Edward Carlton Johnson, who was born in
Newbury, Vermont. In 1868, Louise married her first husband, James Underhill, a New York lawyer, and they had a son, James Underhill Jr., who eventually became a geological engineer and lived in Colorado. In 1878, Louise became a widow. She then married Classics scholar John Henry Wheeler, a graduate of Harvard (B.A. 1871; A.M. 1875) and the University of Bonn (PhD 1879), who taught at
Bowdoin College before being appointed to a professorship at the
University of Virginia. Their only child, Frances Parkinson Wheeler, was named after paternal grandmother Frances Cochran Parkinson Wheeler. Illness forced John Henry Wheeler to resign his professorship and the family moved to Newbury, Vermont, where John Henry Wheeler died. Louise then married Boston lawyer
Albert Pillsbury. The couple divorced in 1897. When Louise Fuller Johnson Wheeler Pillsbury was sixty-seven years old, she married a twenty-two year old Newbury dairy farmer named William Taisey. Frances learned to read from her grandmother Wheeler. She said the most valuable education she received was a year she spent in Europe in 1895. Her formal education was mainly received at
Miss Winsor's School in Boston. She attempted but failed to gain admittance to
Bryn Mawr College. On June 8, 1904, eighteen-year-old Frances married forty-year-old
Henry (Harry) Wilder Keyes. Harry Keyes, a Harvard graduate, had been born in Newbury, Vermont, but raised in Haverhill, New Hampshire. He inherited Pine Grove Farm (formerly called the General Moses Dow Farm) from his father. He was a banker who became a Republican politician and served one term as Governor of New Hampshire (1917-1919) before his election to the United States Senate (1919-1937). Frances Parkinson Keyes relates her story of their courtship in her first book of autobiography,
Roses in December, and her story of their marriage in her second,
All Flags Flying. According to Keyes, before their marriage, she extracted a promise from Harry that should they have a daughter she would be given the opportunity to attend college. Frances and Harry had three sons together: Henry Wilder Keyes, Jr. (b. 1905), John Parkinson Keyes (b. 1907), and Francis (called Peter) Keyes (b. 1912). All three sons attended Harvard University. Keyes began writing while living at Pine Grove Farm. Her first article, "The Pride and Form of Mourning" was published in November 1917 in a New York magazine called
The Chronicle. It endorsed the idea that women who had lost a loved one in the war should wear a gold star as a symbol of their sacrifice. Next came the publication of her sketch of her grandmother Frances Parkinson in
The Granite Monthly, a New Hampshire magazine that went on to publish more of Keyes's historical sketches and a few of her stories. Greater success was achieved with the publication of her article "Satisfied Reflections of a Semi-Bostonian" in the
Atlantic Monthly in December 1918. Her first novel,
The Old Gray Homestead was published by
Houghton Mifflin in 1919. While Keyes was writing her poems and articles it became clear to her that her mother, previously very supportive of Frances' efforts, had become fervently against Frances' writing. After The Old Homestead was published it became evident that there was opposition to her writing not only from her mother but her husband as well. In the New England Quarterly' s article called Restless Lady it is recounted that Keyes told a reporter that her husband thought her fondness for scribbling "as unfriendly and disparaging" her mother’s. To avoid his disapproval she used the attic of their farmhouse to write her articles and books, hiding them in her underwear drawer. She later said, she was living a life of deception. To the reporter it appeared evident that “Nobody believed she could write and nobody wanted her to write.” (The others were
Capital Kaleidoscope and
All Flags Flying. Her 1941 novel
All That Glitters is also about Washington politics.) '' for June 1922 In 1934 Keyes received an honorary degree of Litt.D. from
Bates College. After her spouse's death in 1938, she wrote books and magazine articles prolifically. Her novels are set in New England, Virginia, Louisiana, Normandy, and South America, reflecting her upbringing and extensive travels. In the 1950s, Keyes purchased the historic Beauregard House in
New Orleans’ French Quarter and became a fixture of New Orleans life. The house had been built by the grandfather of chess master
Paul Morphy, whose life is the subject of Keyes' book
The Chess Players. The circumstances of the house's construction and early habitation are told in that book. Many of Keyes' books are set in south
Louisiana, and she eloquently described societal life and conventions in her historical novels. Keyes' novel
Blue Camellia tells about the development of areas in south Louisiana from swampland to productive rice farms.
The River Road concerns sugar plantations of the Mississippi River Delta and
Crescent Carnival (her first Louisiana novel) tells the history of
Carnival since the 1890s (with a good deal about Creole culture and its decline during that period).
Once On Esplanade: A Cycle Between Two Creole Weddings is a fictionalized biography, originally written for teenage girls, of the Creole woman who provided Keyes with much of her understanding of Creole life between the Civil War and the First World War. She went to great lengths to research her subject matter and ensure the historical, geographical, linguistic and even scientific accuracy of her writings. Many of her books include a dozen or more real people among the characters, many famous, some obscure and some even still living at the time she wrote them into her books (with their permission, of course). Keyes traveled on location to learn about her topics and enlisted local historians and residents to assist her. The meticulousness of her detailed accounts make her novels valuable tools for learning about a time long past and customs that have died away. Modern readers will find her depictions of African-American characters generally regressive and simplistic, and there are occasional patches of the pre-World War II fashionable anti-Semitism in her Jewish characters. Some of her Irish and Italian characters are clichéd, or even burlesques of stereotypes. While Keyes was a popular author of the 1940s and 50s, existing editions of her books are becoming rare, and many libraries have removed her books from their shelves. There are a number of fan discussion sites devoted to her work, especially her Catholicism, which appeals to her many Catholic fans. Keyes' conversion to Catholicism can be traced through her writings. As her world expanded from that of an educated New Englander to an increasingly sophisticated political wife and international traveler, so did her interest in the Catholic religion. She met many devout Catholics who were leaders beyond the realm of the Church. In the introduction to "Tongues of Fire," her book about Christian missionaries fueled by the Holy Spirit, she humorously notes that it may have been during the hour-long sermons of the Congregationalist church that she "took her first steps toward Catholicism." In 1958 Keyes was decorated by
Generalissimo Francisco Franco, who awarded her the ribbon of the
Order of Isabel the Catholic. She died in 1970, at the age of 84, in New Orleans. ==Louisiana and Mississippi Valley novels==