Francis Verney

The only son of Audrey Gardner (died 1588) and Sir Edmund Verney (died 1600), Francis Verney was born in 1584 at Pendley Manor in Tring, Hertfordshire, England. His father's first and third marriages into two other royal families, given the complexities of family ties in Tudor England, made Francis one of an indeterminate number of stepchildren within the Redmaynes, Turvilles, and St. Barbe families; he was related to a total of seven royal families through marriage. Within his immediate family, he had a younger half-brother, Edmund (1590–1642), who was born on 1 January 1590, the only child produced by Edmund and Lady Mary Blakeney. In 1599, Francis was married to his stepsister, Ursula St. Barbe, daughter of William St. Barbe of Broadlands and Mary Blackeney. The marriage was presumably arranged by Edmund and Lady Mary, described as a "masterful" woman, to cement their families fortunes and, more specifically, to protect the interests of Lady Mary and her daughter. She also persuaded her husband to divide the property granted to Francis by his uncle's will with their son Edmund. This resulted in the original will being superseded and this new settlement confirmed by a private act of Parliament, '''' (39 Eliz. 1. c. 10'' ). These moves greatly increased the influence and power of Lady Mary. Edmund Verney died on 11 January 1600, when Francis was only 15 years old, and was subsequently sent off to Trinity College, Oxford in September of that year. Though little of his childhood is recorded, according to the Dictionary of National Biography, he had "all the advantages that a fine face and figure, great personal courage, and a magnificent taste in dress could bestow". It was during this period that he began running huge debts spending as much as £3,000 a year. Leaving Oxford, Verney soon rebelled against his arranged marriage living separately from his wife in St. Dunstan's-in-the-West (a notorious neighbourhood of Alsatia, where one of his servants, Richard Gygges, was murdered in a drunken brawl in 1604); he would legally separate from Ursula upon reaching adulthood and provided her £50 a year for the rest of her life. Verney was knighted at the Tower of London on 14 March 1603/4. ==Break with the Verney family==

As soon as he came of age, Verney challenged his stepmother in court over the terms of his inheritance. He may have been motivated by his friends who, when finding himself in serious debt, had guaranteed his debtors and were pressuring him to repay them. He appealed to the House of Commons to reverse the family arrangement which an Elizabethan Act sanctioned years earlier. A case was made that their decision had unjustly deprived him of his rights while still a minor. It was also made under unusual circumstances as, given the norms of the times, the consolidation of family estates were under the ownership of a sole inheritor. The case went through "much debate and argument" as famous counsel were employed on each side, Mr. Wincall and Crewe respectively. Crewe's pleading to the House on behalf of the Sir Edmund's widow as well as testimony of several surviving committee members of the 1597 Bill damaged Francis' case. The courts eventually favored Lady Mary and upheld the terms of the inheritance. ==Adventures in Morocco==

Verney sold his estates following his loss, effectively deserting his wife, and went abroad. He was very bitter after losing his case, in addition to the overwhelming debt he faced, causing him to "forsake the friends who had injured him, and the country which has refused him redress". He wandered the continent for some time, Family tradition claims he went to Morocco where he joined Captain John and Philip Giffard, both relatives of the Verneys, who commanded an army of two hundred fellow Englishmen, mostly gentlemen volunteers, in the service of Muley Sidan, a claimant to the Moroccan throne. Sidan's father, Muley Hamet, had enjoyed a privileged relationship with Queen Elizabeth I and Giffard's soldiers-of-fortune fought on Sidan's behalf against his other rivals, namely Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli and Sidi al-Ayachi, and his brother Abou Fares Abdallah, during the country's wars of succession. ==Life as a Barbary corsair==

After the Giffards were killed in a desert skirmish in 1607, many of their men took to piracy. Verney, as told by the Verney family, found refuge with another relative, Richard Giffard, who was captain of the Fortune, commanding what was essentially a pirate fleet, and Verney is mentioned among his officers. This part of the story was disputed by British historian Adrian Tinniswood who claimed that Giffard was imprisoned in Florentine captivity from 1607 to 1610. by Francis Cottington of the English embassy in Madrid. Richard Bishop, and Kara Osman, the latter captain of the Janissaries at Tunis. Simon Danziger In December 1610, according to claims made by the Venetian ambassador in Tunis, he and Ward were accused of "turning Turk" by becoming converts to Islam until being ransomed to an English Jesuit. Verney was granted his freedom on the condition that he convert to Catholicism which he did. ==Final years in Sicily==

Though now a free man, Verney was left alone and penniless. He spent the remainder of his life in Sicily where he was forced to enlist as a common soldier in the service of the Duke of Sona, the Spanish viceroy of Palermo. He was found by Scottish traveler-writer William Lithgow in "extremest calamity and sickness" at La Pieta (St. Mary of Pity), a pauper's hospital, in Messina where Lithgow recorded Verney's last days before his death on 6 September 1615, and performed the last offices. Lithgow's account, entitled "The most delectable and true discors of an admirid and painful peregrination by William Lithgow", was published seven years later. English merchant John Watchin later obtained a formal certificate of his death, signed by Don Peter Garcia, which he forwarded with Verney's personal effects to Claydon House. ==Legacy==

Though common among the Barbary corsairs, as Muslim rulers sanctioned attacks on Christian merchants "as part of a larger jihad against the infidel", Francis Verney's conversion to Islam caused considerable controversy in his native England. though both disputed some of William Lithgow's claims. Of the personal effects sent to the Verney family by John Watchin, which included a turban, slippers, silk tunics, and pilgrim's staff, Lady Frances made mention that all were still preserved at Claydon House. Interest in Verney carried over into the 20th century as part of the era's popular culture. He was referenced in Dashiell Hammett's 1930 detective novel The Maltese Falcon as one of the people who possessed the jeweled bird. The title character of the 1940 swashbuckler film The Sea Hawk, played by Errol Flynn, was inspired by the lives of both Verney and Sir Henry Mainwaring. == Notes ==