Frog Lake Massacre

Chief Big Bear and his band had settled near Frog Lake in late 1884. He had signed Treaty 6 in 1882 The largest local source of supplies were the government stables, the Hudson's Bay Company post and George Dill's store at Frog Lake. Indian Agent Thomas Quinn, as an official of the Canadian government, was seen to be protecting the supplies and therefore an obstacle to Wandering Spirit's aims. Meanwhile, Cree in the area were angry at Quinn because he had control of the inadequate rations that kept the Cree in a state of near-starvation. == Massacre ==

A group of armed Cree men led by the war chief Wandering Spirit took Thomas Quinn hostage in his home in the early morning of April 2. The Cree then took control of the community, looting various stores and eating food. After mass concluded, at around 11:00 a.m., Wandering Spirit ordered the whites to move to a Native encampment a couple of kilometres away. After the nine people were killed, Wandering Spirit's men took captive the surviving whites and government loyalists in the community. The hostages numbered about 70 and included Theresa Gowanlock and Theresa Delaney, wives of two of the slain men, and their children, The two Theresas later wrote a book on their experience: Two Months in the Camp of Big Bear. William Cameron's book Blood Red the Sun also gives an account of the killings and their aftermath. Henry Ross Halpin, a long-serving HBC official, was at Frog Lake that day. He became one of the hostages and was held for six weeks, during part of which he acted as Big Bear's secretary. He later spoke in defence of Big Bear. == Aftermath ==

with Horse Child, 12-year-old son of Big Bear. They were photographed together in Regina in 1885 during the trial of Big Bear. Cameron testified in Big Bear's defence.After the massacre, several of the Métis residents who were now captive hurriedly placed the bodies of Fafard, Marchand, Delaney and Gowanlock in the cellar under the church. At great risk, they also moved the bodies of Quinn and Gouin into the cellar of a house near where they were killed. However, they were refused permission to touch the other victims. Two days after the killings, the church, the rectory and all the buildings of the Frog Lake settlement were burned on April 4, 1885 (the day before Easter). All that remained of the mission was the bell tower and the cemetery. In the days following April 2, Wandering Spirit's followers moved on to Fort Pitt. The Frog Lake incident, along with the Métis rebellion at the same time, prompted the Canadian government to send troops and police to the area. On June 14 the Midland Battalion (the advance guard of Major-General Thomas Bland Strange's Alberta Field Force) arrived and buried the victims of the massacre in the cemetery. During their occupation the bell hanging in the fire-blackened bell tower was taken. (Later the bell, displayed prominently in the Legion hall at Midland, Ontario, was confused with the bell of Batoche. Taken from there in 1991, it was found in Métis hands in 2013.) The Alberta Field Force then pursued Big Bear's band, accompanied by its hostages, fighting them at Frenchman's Butte. When the rebellion was put down and law and order restored, Wandering Spirit, the war chief responsible for the Frog Lake incident, walked to Fort Pitt where he turned himself in. Wandering Spirit (Kapapamahchakwew), a Plains Cree war chief, Little Bear (Apaschiskoos), Walking the Sky (A.K.A. Round the Sky), Bad Arrow, Miserable Man, Iron Body, Ika (A.K.A. Crooked Leg) and Man Without Blood were put on trial for murders committed during the Frog Lake Massacre and at Battleford (the murders of Farm instructor Payne and Battleford farmer Barney Tremont). None of the accused were allowed legal counsel, and Judge Charles Rouleau sentenced each of them to death by hanging. He sentenced three others to hang as well, but their death sentences were commuted. Sentenced to be hanged and perhaps in an attempt to expiate his offences, Wandering Spirit attempted suicide but lived to be hanged. ==Legacy==

Frog Lake became part of the province of Alberta in 1905. The site of the massacre was designated the "Frog Lake National Historic Site" in 1923. Parks Canada says the site designated by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada is extensive, but the national park service owns only a small portion, mainly a graveyard, where a stone cairn and federal plaque were erected in 1924. The geographic coordinates on this page are for that cairn. In 2008, Christine Tell (provincial minister for tourism, parks, culture and sport) said "the 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 Northwest Resistance is an excellent opportunity to tell the story of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples' struggle with Government forces and how it has shaped Canada today." ==See also==