Galeus

Galeus, derived from the Greek galeos meaning "shark", is one of the oldest carcharhiniform generic names. It was first used in a binomial by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in his 1810 . Rafinesque listed G. melastomus, G. vulpecula (=Alopias vulpinus), G. mustelus (=Mustelus mustelus), and G. catulus (=Scyliorhinus canicula). Subsequently, in 1816 Georges Cuvier used Galeus to refer to the genus presently known as Galeorhinus, and in 1818 William Elford Leach used Galeus to refer to genus presently known as Mustelus. As a result, 19th century authors generally used Galeus for the tope sharks, and Pristiurus, coined by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1834, for the sawtail catsharks. Rafinesque might have intended G. mustelus to be the type species for Galeus, but of his listed species he furnished a description only for G. melastomus. Therefore, in 1908 Henry Weed Fowler designated G. melastomus as the type species of Galeus, establishing the genus to contain the sawtail catsharks. Pristiurus became a junior synonym, though it continued to appear in scientific literature for some time after. Fowler's definition of Galeus gained widespread acceptance after Henry Bryant Bigelow and William Charles Schroeder's 1948 taxonomic review. In 1952, Philip Orkin advocated that Pristiurus take precedence over Galeus, based on David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann's (possibly questionable) designation of G. mustelus as a type species for Galeus in 1896. Leonard Compagno and most other recent authors have not upheld his proposal, in the interests of taxonomic stability. ==Species==

• Galeus antillensis S. Springer, 1979 (Antilles catshark) • Galeus arae Nichols, 1927 (roughtail catshark) • Galeus atlanticus Vaillant, 1888 (Atlantic sawtail catshark) • Galeus cadenati S. Springer, 1966 (longfin sawtail catshark) • Galeus eastmani D. S. Jordan & Snyder, 1904 (gecko catshark) • Galeus friedrichi Ebert & Jang, 2022 (Philippines sawtail catshark) • Galeus gracilis Compagno & Stevens, 1993 (slender sawtail catshark) • Galeus longirostris Tachikawa & Taniuchi, 1987 (longnose sawtail catshark) • Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810 (blackmouth catshark) • Galeus mincaronei Soto, 2001 (southern sawtail catshark) • Galeus murinus Collett, 1904 (mouse catshark) • Galeus nipponensis Nakaya, 1975 (broadfin sawtail catshark) • Galeus piperatus S. Springer & M. H. Wagner, 1966 (peppered catshark) • Galeus polli Cadenat, 1959 (African sawtail catshark) • Galeus priapus Séret & Last, 2008 (phallic catshark) • Galeus sauteri D. S. Jordan & R. E. Richardson, 1909 (blacktip sawtail catshark) • Galeus schultzi S. Springer, 1979 (dwarf sawtail catshark) • Galeus springeri Konstantinou & Cozzi, 1998 (Springer's sawtail catshark) ==Phylogeny and evolution==

Most taxonomic studies have concluded the closest relatives of Galeus to be Apristurus, Asymbolus, Parmaturus, and/or Cephalurus. Leonard Compagno has placed Galeus with Apristurus, Bythaelurus, Cephalurus, Parmaturus, and Pentanchus in the tribe Pentanchini of the subfamily Pentanchinae, based on morphological characters. Within the genus, though the G. arae species complex, G. atlanticus, G. eastmani, G. melastomus, G. piperatus, G. polli, and G. sauteri definitely form a monophyletic group, the assignment of other species (e.g. G. murinus) within the genus is more problematic. ==Distribution and habitat==

The centers of biodiversity for Galeus are the North Atlantic (8 species) and the northwestern Pacific (4 species). A few outlying species are found in the South Atlantic (G. mincaronei and G. polli), Oceania (G. gracilis and G. priapus), and the Gulf of California (G. piperatus). In the western Indian Ocean, this genus appears to be replaced by the ecologically similar genus Holohalaelurus. Sawtail catsharks are demersal in habits and occur in deep water over outer continental and insular shelves and upper slopes. ==Description==

Sawtail catsharks reach maximum lengths of between . They have slender, firm bodies and narrow, slightly flattened heads with short to long, pointed snouts. The nostrils are divided into incurrent and excurrent openings by triangular flaps of skin on their anterior rims. The horizontally oval eyes are placed mostly on the sides of the head and equipped with rudimentary nictitating membranes (protective third eyelids); below each eye is a subtle ridge, and behind is a small spiracle (auxiliary respiratory opening). The mouth is rather large and wide, and when closed the upper teeth are exposed. There are short to long furrows around the corners of the jaws. The teeth are small and number 47–78 rows in the upper jaw and 48–82 rows in the lower jaw; each tooth has a narrow central cusp flanked by one or more smaller cusplets on either side. There are five pairs of gill slits. The skin is thick and densely covered by small, overlapping, well-calcified dermal denticles; each denticle has a leaf-shaped crown with a horizontal ridge and three teeth on the posterior margin. There is a prominent, saw-like crest of enlarged denticles along the dorsal margin of the caudal fin. G. murinus and G. springeri also have a similar crest along the ventral margin of the caudal fin. Galeus species are typically grayish or brownish above and lighter below, and most have a pattern of darker saddles and/or blotches along the back and tail. The interior of the mouth may be light or dark. ==Biology and ecology==

Natural history data is scant for most Galeus species. They feed on various types of invertebrates and fishes on or near the bottom. Reproductive modes within the genus are notably diverse: while most species are oviparous and lay encapsulated eggs on the sea floor, there is a single aplacental viviparous species (G. polli) that retains eggs internally and gives live birth. Among the oviparous species, most (e.g. G. murinus, G. nipponensis) exhibit single oviparity, in which only a single egg matures within each of the female's oviducts at a time. In contrast, a few species such as G. atlanticus and G. melastomus exhibit multiple oviparity, in which several eggs can mature within each oviduct simultaneously. Single oviparity is considered to be the basal condition, while multiple oviparity and aplacental viviparity are thought to be more derived. ==Human interactions==

Sawtail catsharks pose no danger to humans and have little economic value, though varying numbers are caught incidentally by deepwater commercial fisheries. Some of the larger species, such as G. melastomus and G. polli, are occasionally utilized for meat, fishmeal, and/or leather. ==References==