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Gaslight (1944 film)

Gaslight is a 1944 American psychological thriller film directed by George Cukor, and starring Charles Boyer, Ingrid Bergman, Joseph Cotten and Angela Lansbury in her film debut. Adapted by John Van Druten, Walter Reisch, and John L. Balderston from Patrick Hamilton's play Gas Light (1938), it follows a young woman whose husband slowly manipulates her into believing that she is descending into insanity.

Plot
In 1875, after world-famous opera singer Alice Alquist is murdered at her home in Victorian London, her orphan niece Paula is sent to Italy, eventually studying opera to follow in Alice's footsteps. During her voice lessons, Paula is charmed by and marries her accompanist, Gregory Anton, after a two-week whirlwind romance. They settle in London, where Paula has inherited her late aunt's long-vacant townhouse. Paula grapples with the memory of her aunt's murder, and Gregory suggests storing Alice's furnishings in the attic. When Paula finds a letter to her aunt from a man named Sergis Bauer, Gregory reacts violently but apologizes. He hires a young maid, Nancy, insisting that she take instructions from him instead of his "high-strung" wife. Paula is perplexed when Gregory begins to chide her supposed forgetfulness. On a visit to the Tower of London, she cannot find an heirloom brooch he gave her, although he stored it safely in her handbag. Gregory then begins to berate her for denying that she removed paintings from the wall, hiding them in odd corners of the house. Disturbed by noises coming from the boarded-up attic when Gregory is not home, Paula notices the gaslights also dim for no apparent reason. Gregory brazenly flirts with Nancy, whose open disrespect worsens Paula’s nerves. Paula's anxious behavior is noticed by Inspector Brian Cameron of Scotland Yard, a childhood admirer of Alice. Struck by Paula's resemblance to her aunt, Cameron attempts to reopen the cold case, discovering that Alice owned precious royal jewels that were not recovered after Alice's murder. Isolating his wife from the world, Gregory convinces her that she is unstable and a kleptomaniac, too unwell to be in public. When Paula insists on attending a recital hosted by an old family friend, Gregory accuses Paula of stealing his pocket watch during the event. When he "finds" it in her handbag, Paula becomes hysterical in front of the guests, who include Cameron. Taking Paula home, Gregory angrily claims that her mother died in an asylum, and that the letter she discovered from Sergis Bauer never existed. Doubting her own sanity, Paula breaks down. Meanwhile, Cameron has recruited a patrolman to watch Gregory, who often visits an abandoned adjoining house; flirting with Nancy, the policeman learns that Gregory is planning to institutionalize Paula. While Gregory is out, Cameron offers Paula his help, confirming that the attic noises and flickering gaslights are real. He deduces that Gregory has been entering his own attic through a skylight via the adjoining vacant house to search furtively through Alice's belongings for her hidden jewels. When Gregory lights the attic lights, the gas is reduced to the downstairs lights. Cameron pries open Gregory's desk, and Paula finds the letter from Bauer that her husband insisted was a delusion. Cameron expresses that Gregory is systematically driving her into madness. "Gregory" is actually Sergis Bauer, who murdered Alice but was interrupted by a young Paula before he could find her jewels. His marriage to Paula was a scheme to gain access to her aunt's home, followed by a strategy to have Paula institutionalized, gaining full access to Alice's estate. Simultaneously, Sergis discovers Alice's jewels hidden in plain sight, sewn into one of Alice's famous costumes. Returning downstairs, he finds his desk unlocked. He questions the mentally exhausted Paula, who admits the desk was opened by a man that was visiting her. To protect Paula, the kindly cook, Elizabeth, denies seeing any man and assures Sergis that this was merely a figment of Paula's imagination, driving Paula to despair. Cameron appears and confronts Sergis, chasing him into the attic and tying him to a chair. Finally convinced of her own sanity, Paula consents to Sergis’s request to be left alone with him, where Sergis urges Paula to cut him free. Paula taunts him, searching his desk for an imaginary knife to cut him free, and instead finding the "missing" brooch. As the police drive Sergis away, Cameron expresses interest in seeing Paula again. ==Cast==
Cast
Charles Boyer as Gregory Anton/Sergis Bauer • Ingrid Bergman as Paula Alquist Anton • Terry Moore as 14-year-old Paula (uncredited) • Joseph Cotten as Brian Cameron • Dame May Whitty as Miss Bessie Thwaites • Angela Lansbury as Nancy Oliver, in her first film role • Barbara Everest as Elizabeth Tompkins • Emil Rameau as Maestro Guardi • Edmund Breon as General Huddleston, Brian's supervisor • Halliwell Hobbes as Mr. Mufflin, Paula's lawyer • Tom Stevenson as Constable Williams • Heather Thatcher as Lady Mildred Dalroy • Lawrence Grossmith as Lord Freddie Dalroy (the last film role before his death) • Jakob Gimpel as pianist Uncredited • Lassie Lou Ahern as young girl • Arthur Blake as butler • Leonard Carey as tour guide in Tower of London • Alec Craig as Turnkey • Gibson Gowland as servant • Gary Gray as boy in park with nanny • Joy Harington as Miss Laura Pritchard • Syd Saylor as baggage clerk • Morgan Wallace as Fred Garrett • Helen Flint as Franchette ==Production==
Production
Encouraged by the success of the play and the British 1940 film, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer bought the remake rights, but with a clause insisting that all existing prints of the first film be destroyed, even to the point of trying to destroy the negative. Evidently that order was not honored to the letter, since the 1940 Gaslight remains available for theatrical exhibition, television screenings, and DVD release. ==In popular culture==
In popular culture
Self-help and popular psychology authors sometimes denominalize the film's title and use it as a verb, or verbing. Gaslighting became defined as manipulating a person or a group of people into questioning their own sanity or reality, in a way similar to the way the protagonist in the film was manipulated. ==Reception==
Reception
Box office According to MGM records, the film earned $2,263,000 in the US and Canada and $2,350,000 in other markets resulting in a profit of . Film critic Manny Farber, writing in The New Republic registered this appraisal of Bergman's performance: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 94% based on reviews from 86 critics. The consensus summarizes: "George Cukor's invigorated screen adaptation of the Angel Street play comes to life through Ingrid Bergman's suspenseful standoff against the uncannily evil Charles Boyer to thrilling yet melodramatic effect." Noir analysis In 2006, film critic Emanuel Levy discussed the film noir aspects of the film: Accolades The film is recognized by the American Film Institute as #78 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills. ==See also==
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