List of genocides

Polish–Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin coined the term "genocide" in response to world events such as the Armenian genocide and World War II. His initial definition was "the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group" in which its members were not targeted as individuals, but rather as members of the group. The objectives of genocide "would be the disintegration of the political and social institutions, of culture, language, national feelings, religion, and the economic existence of national groups". Lemkin brought his proposal to criminalize genocide to the newly established United Nations in 1946. Opposition to the convention was greater than Lemkin expected due to states' concerns that it would lead their own policies—including treatment of indigenous peoples, European colonialism, racial segregation in the United States, and Soviet nationalities policy—to be labeled genocide. Before the convention was passed, powerful countries (both Western powers and the Soviet Union) secured changes in an attempt to make the convention unenforceable and applicable to their geopolitical rivals' actions but not their own. Few formerly colonized countries were represented and "most states had no interest in empowering their victims– past, present, and future". The 1948 Genocide Convention defines genocide as: The result severely diluted Lemkin's original concept; he privately considered it a failure. Lemkin's anti-colonial conception of genocide was transformed into one that favored colonial powers. Among the violence freed from the stigma of genocide was the destruction of political groups, which the Soviet Union is particularly blamed for blocking. Although Lemkin credited women's NGOs with securing the passage of the convention, the gendered violence of forced pregnancy, marriage, and divorce was left out. Additionally omitted was the forced migration of populations—which had been carried out by the Soviet Union and its satellites, condoned by the Western Allies, against millions of Germans from central and Eastern Europe. Many countries have incorporated genocide into their municipal law, varying to a lesser or greater extent from the convention. The convention's definition of genocide was adopted verbatim by the ad hoc international criminal tribunals and by the Rome Statute that established the International Criminal Court (ICC). The crime of genocide also exists in customary international law and is therefore prohibited for non-signatories. Scholarship varies on the definition of genocide employed when analysing whether events are genocidal in nature. The Convention and other definitions are generally regarded by the majority of genocide scholars to have an "intent to destroy" as a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide; there is also growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion. According to Ernesto Verdeja, associate professor of political science and peace studies at the University of Notre Dame, there are three ways to conceptualize genocide other than the legal definition: in academic social science, in international politics and policy, and in colloquial public usage. Many social scientists do not require that intent be proved beyond a reasonable doubt and may include other groups of people in addition to the legally protected ones, such as political groups (which can also be termed politicide). The international politics and policy definition centres around prevention policy and intervention and may actually mean "large-scale violence against civilians" when used by governments and international organizations. Lastly, Verdeja says the way the general public colloquially uses "genocide" is usually "as a stand-in term for the greatest evils". == List ==

The term genocide is contentious and as a result its definition varies. This list only considers acts which are recognized in significant scholarship as genocides. } --> The Gaza genocide is the ongoing systematic destruction of the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip by Israel during the Gaza war, carried out with the intent to destroy Gaza's population in whole or in part through extermination, starvation, bombing, blockade, and invasion. Other genocidal acts include destroying civilian infrastructure, killing healthcare workers and aid-seekers, using mass forced displacement, committing sexual violence, and restricting birth. The genocide has been recognized by • More than 10,000 presumed dead under rubble }} is a series of ongoing persecutions and killings of the Muslim Rohingya people by the military of Myanmar. The genocide has consisted of two phases to date: the first was a military crackdown that occurred from October 2016 to January 2017, and the second has been occurring since August 2017. The crisis forced over a million Rohingya to flee to other countries. Most fled to Bangladesh, resulting in the creation of the world's largest refugee camp, while others escaped to India, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia, where they continue to face persecution. The Rohingya are denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law, and are regarded as Bengali immigrants by the Myanmar government, to the extent it refuses to acknowledge the Rohingya's existence as a valid ethnic group. }} There have been reports of mass arbitrary arrests and detention, torture, mass surveillance, cultural and religious persecution, family separation, forced labour, sexual violence, and violations of reproductive rights, including forced abortion and compulsory sterilization. The Uyghur Tribunal concluded that there was "no evidence of mass killings" but that "alleged efforts to prevent births amounted to genocidal intent." Human Rights Watch stated in its 2021 report that the organization "has not documented the existence of the necessary genocidal intent at this time." }} commentators, legal experts, human rights organizations and the national parliaments of several countries have declared that Russian war crimes and crimes against humanity committed against Ukrainian civilians during the Russo-Ukrainian war, including mass killings, deliberate attacks on shelters, evacuation routes, and humanitarian corridors, indiscriminate bombardment of residential areas, deliberate and systematic infliction of life-threatening conditions by military sieges, rape and sexual violence amount to genocide and incitement to genocide with intent to destroy the Ukrainian national group. This further escalated following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine by Russia, including through Russia's kidnapping of Ukrainian children from occupied territory, which prompted ICC arrest warrants against Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials. • Also includes the unlawful deportation and transfer of over 307,000 Ukrainian children into Russia. }} }} Both the United Nations and an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride concluded that the massacre was an act of genocide against the Palestinian people, a conclusion concurred with by NGOs such as the Palestinian Return Centre. Human rights scholars Damien Short and Haifa Rashed also described the massacre as genocidal in nature. Biafra attracted a large amount of international attention from mid-1968, when images of starving Biafran children began to appear in the international press. Biafran propaganda compared Igbo to Jews and the blockade of Biafra to the Holocaust. Initially, international public opinion was sympathetic to Biafran claims, but shifted after the United Kingdom sent a fact finding mission to Nigeria that reported that genocide was not occurring. Some scholars have criticized the fact finding mission for not properly investigating the genocide claims. The mission only investigated where Nigeria allowed them to investigate. Additionally, the mission dismissed rape by Nigerian soldiers as "enforced marriage". Soon after the civil war ended in 1970, it was largely forgotten outside Nigeria and not much mentioned in the field of genocide studies. Most of the war casualties were civilians particularly children, who were especially vulnerable to malnutrition. }} It is disputed whether these deportations should be called ethnic cleansing, genocide, or something else. Some historians argue that the Soviet authorities acted with knowledge that the conditions deportees would face would lead to mass casualties. Others argue that no intent to exterminate the repressed people can be identified, and that the main motive of the Soviet authorities was to increase security in disputed border areas. Ethnic groups affected included: • Soviet Germans: over 1 million deported in 1941–1942, 243,000 deaths • Crimean Tatars: at least 191,044 deported in 1944, to deaths • Chechens and Ingush: deaths }} The Moljević plan ("On Our State and Its Borders") and the 1941 'Instructions' issued by Chetnik leader, Draža Mihailović, advocated for the cleansing of non-Serbs. Death toll by ethnicity is estimated to be between 18,000 and 32,000 Croats and between 29,000 and 33,000 Muslims. }} 22% of the Polish population of the USSR was "sentenced" by the operation (140,000 people) The German operation of the NKVD has also been described as a genocide. }} was carried out by the Turkish military over the course of three operations in the Dersim Province against Kurdish rebels of Alevi faith, and civilians in 1937 and 1938. Although most Kurds in Dersim remained in their home villages, thousands were killed and many others were expelled to other parts of Turkey. Libyan genocide • • • • was the Russian Empire's systematic mass murder, ethnic cleansing, and expulsion of the Circassian population, resulting in 1 to 1.5 million deaths during the final stages of the Russo-Circassian War. The peoples planned for extermination were mainly the Muslim Circassians, but other Muslim peoples of the Caucasus were also affected. Russian generals such as Grigory Zass described the Circassians as "subhuman filth", and glorified the mass murder of Circassian civilians, justified their use in scientific experiments, and allowed their soldiers to rape women. }} There are extra parens and other promblems that make this too confusing to understand: 300,000 }} Ned Blackhawk, in analysing the war between the Iroquois and Huron, found that the Iroquois committed all five acts described in the 1948 Genocide Convention. == See also ==