Territories and influence At the court of Hungary there were two parties arrayed against each other: the
Magyar party under the leadership of
Zápolyas and the German party under the leadership of George of Brandenburg, whose authority was increased by the acquisition of the
duchies of Ratibor and Oppeln by hereditary treaties with their respective dukes and of the territories of
Oderberg,
Beuthen, and
Tarnowitz as pledges from the
king of Bohemia, who could not redeem his debts. By the further appropriation of the
Duchy of Jägerndorf, George came into possession of all
Upper Silesia. As the owner and mortgagee of these territories he prepared the way for the introduction of the
Protestant Reformation, here as well as in his native
Franconia. Earlier than any other German prince or any other member of the Hohenzollern line including even his younger brother
Albert, the
Grand Master of the
Teutonic Order, he turned his eyes and heart to the new faith proceeding from
Wittenberg.
Conversion The first reformatory writings began the work of winning him over to the evangelical cause.
Martin Luther's powerful testimony of faith at the
Diet of Worms in 1521 made an indelible impression upon his mind, and the vigorous sermons of evangelical preachers in the pulpits of
St. Lawrence and
St. Sebald in
Nuremberg, during the diet there in 1522, deepened the impression. The study of
Luther's translation of the
New Testament, which appeared in 1522, established his faith on personal conviction. Moreover, he entered into correspondence with Luther, discussing with him the most important problems of faith, and in 1524 he met him personally during the negotiations concerning his brother
Albert's secularization of the
Teutonic Order's state of Prussia into the secular
Duchy of Prussia. After the accession of King Louis II, George was aided in his reforming efforts by
Queen Maria, a sister of
Charles V and
Ferdinand I, who was favorably inclined toward the new doctrine. As the adviser of the young king, George firmly advocated the cause of the new gospel against the influences and intrigues of his clerical opponents and successfully prevented their violent measures. His relationship with Duke
Frederick II of
Liegnitz,
Brieg, and
Wohlau, and with Duke
Charles I of
Münsterberg-
Oels, who had both admitted the Reformation into their territories, contributed not a little to the expansion of the gospel in his own lands. But it was his own personal influence, energy, and practical spirit that introduced the new doctrine and founded a new evangelical and churchly life. He made efforts to secure preachers of the new gospel from Hungary, Silesia, and Franconia, and tried to introduce the church order of Brandenburg-Nuremberg, which had already found acceptance in the Franconian territories.
Reformation in Franconia In the hereditary lands
Brandenburg-Ansbach in Franconia, where with his older brother
Casimir of
Brandenburg-Kulmbach had assumed the regency in place of their father, he encountered greater difficulties, although the popular spirit was inclined toward the Reformation. Owing to his marriage with a Bavarian princess and to his military command in the imperial service, his brother was allied more closely with the old church and resisted the new reforming efforts. But the pressure of the estates of the land soon compelled him to allow preaching according to Luther's doctrine, although he ensured retention of the old church ceremonies, even of those that were contrary to the new faith. George protested against such half-measures and showed his dissatisfaction with the half-hearted resolutions of the state assembly of October 1526. It was only after the death of his brother that as sole ruler he could successfully undertake and carry out reformation in the Franconian territories, with the assistance of councillors such as
Johann von Schwarzenberg and through the new resolutions of the state assembly of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1528). At the same time George maintained his correspondence with Luther and
Philipp Melanchthon, discussing such questions as the evangelization of monasteries, the use of monastic property for evangelical purposes, and especially the foundation of lower schools for the people and of higher schools for the education of talented young men for the service of church and state. He despoiled the churches and cloisters in his domains of all their gold and silver, their monstrances, vessels, chalices, pearls, jewels, images and precious vestments. He used 50,000 florins of the proceeds to pay off Casimir's gambling debts and other liabilities, and he endowed his son Frederick with ecclesiastical benefices with a total revenue of 190,000 florins. He tried to gain, by his continued correspondence with Luther and other reformers such as
Urbanus Rhegius, efficient men for the preaching of the gospel and for the organization of the evangelical church. Hand in hand with the Council of Nuremberg he worked for the institution of a church visitation on the model of that of the
Electorate of Saxony, from which after repeated revisions and emendations the excellent
church order of Brandenburg-Nuremberg of 1533 was developed. After its introduction in Nuremberg and his territories in Franconia, it was also introduced in his dominions in Upper Silesia.
Influence beyond his territories George's influence manifested itself also in the development of the German Reformation as a whole. When a union of the evangelicals in upper and lower Germany was contemplated as a means of improved defense against the retaliatory measures of the
Roman Catholic Church, George had a meeting with Elector
John of
Saxony at
Schleitz in 1529, where they agreed on certain articles of faith and confession to be drawn up by Luther; the commission was executed in the seventeen articles of
Schwabach on the basis of the fifteen theses of the
Marburg Colloquy. But neither at the Convention of Schwabach nor at that of
Schmalkalden did George approve armed resistance against the emperor and his party, even in self-defense. He opposed the emperor energetically at the
Diet of Augsburg in 1530, when the emperor demanded the prohibition of evangelical preaching. King Ferdinand made George the most alluring offers of Silesian possessions if he would support the emperor, but he strongly rejected them. Next to the elector of Saxony, he stands foremost among the princes who defended the reformed faith. After the death of his cousin,
Joachim I, who was a strict Catholic, he assisted his sons in the introduction of the Reformation in the territories of the
Electorate of Brandenburg. He took part in the
religious colloquy of Regensburg in 1541 where Elector
Joachim II made a last attempt to bridge the differences between the Catholics and Lutherans and with his nephew requested Luther's cooperation. The
Diet of Regensburg was the last religious meeting which he attended. He is one of the figures on the
Prussian Homage painting by
Jan Matejko. == Family and children ==