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Gnetum

Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae within the Gnetophyta. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpionflies. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater.

Species
}} }} There are around 50 different species of Gnetum. The Catalogue of Life lists 44 species. • Gnetum interruptum Biye • Gnetum latispicum Biye • Gnetum sect. GnetumGnetum subsect. Gnetum – 2 species of trees; Southeast Asia, Pacific IslandsGnetum gnemonTibet, Yunnan, Assam, Indochina, Nicobar Islands, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Melanesia, MicronesiaGnetum costatum – New Guinea, Solomon IslandsGnetum subsect. Micrognemones – 2 species of lianas; tropical west AfricaGnetum africanum – central Africa from Cameroon to AngolaGnetum buchholzianum – central Africa from Nigeria to ZaireGnetum subsect. Araeognemones – 9 species of lianas; tropical South America and Central America - Ituá • Gnetum camporumVenezuelaGnetum leyboldiiCosta Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Amazonian BrazilGnetum nodiflorum – Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, northwestern Brazil • Gnetum paniculatum – Guianas, Venezuela, northwestern Brazil • Gnetum schwackeanum – Amazonas State of southern Venezuela, northwestern Brazil • Gnetum urens – Guianas, Venezuela, Peru, northwestern Brazil • Gnetum venosum – Bolívar State of southern Venezuela, northwestern Brazil • Gnetum sect. Scandentia [Gnetum sect. Cylindrostachys] - about 20 species of lianas; southern Asia • Gnetum subsect. StipitatiGnetum arboreum – Luzon in Philippines • Gnetum contractum – southern IndiaGnetum edule – southern India • Gnetum gracilipesYunnan + Guangxi in ChinaGnetum latifolium – Assam, much of Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Bismarck ArchipelagoGnetum montanumHimalayas, southern China, northern IndochinaGnetum oblongumBangladesh, MyanmarGnetum pendulum – Tibet, southern China • Gnetum tenuifolium – Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, SumatraGnetum ulaGnetum subsect. SessilesGnetum acutumSarawakGnetum bosavicum – Papua New Guinea • Gnetum catasphaericum – southern China • Gnetum chinense Yang, Liu, & Chang – northern China • Gnetum cleistostachyum – southern China • Gnetum cuspidatum – Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines • Gnetum diminutumBorneoGnetum formosumVietnamGnetum giganteum – Guangxi in China • Gnetum globosumPahang in Malaysia • Gnetum gnemonoides – New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Indonesia, Philippines • Gnetum hainanense – southern China • Gnetum klossii – Sabah • Gnetum leptostachyumLaos, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo • Gnetum loerzingiiSumatraGnetum luofuenseFujian, Guangdong, JiangxiGnetum macrostachyum – Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea • Gnetum microcarpum – Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra • Gnetum neglectum – Borneo • Gnetum oxycarpum – Sumatra • Gnetum parvifolium – Laos, Vietnam, southern China • Gnetum raya – Borneo • Gnetum ridleyi – Peninsular Malaysia ==Uses==
Uses
Many Gnetum species are edible, with the seeds being roasted, and the foliage used as a leaf vegetable. The plant is harvested and yields a useful fiber. There is no sense of danger in consuming the fruit or the seeds. There is also a study done on the plant to see if it has any medicinal properties, finding some anti-coagulation effects due to its stilbenoid content. The family Gnetaceae is well known as a rich source of plant-derived stilbenoids as well as Cyperaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Fabaceae, and Vitaceae. == Conservation ==
Conservation
Some species of Gnetum are in danger of dying out. The habitats are being removed with the trees being cut down to create industry. The tropical rainforest are being destroyed so many of the species are going extinct such as Gnetum oxycarpum. The rainforests are being torn down and being turned into farmland. Gnetum live in only a small part of the rainforest. == Gallery ==
Gallery
File:倪藤果 Gnetum gnemon -檳城熱帶果園 Tropical Fruit Farm, Penang- (9222653200).jpg|Gnetum gnemon carpellate/female cones File:Gnetum latifolium - കറുത്ത ഓടൽ.jpg|Gnetum latifolium staminate/male cones File:Gnetum africanum Leaves (Eru, Okok).jpg|Gathered leaves of Gnetum africanum File:Gnetum gnemon seeds, by Omar Hoftun.jpg|Gnetum gnemon seeds ==References==
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