After the failure of Ansŭng and Geom's resistance movement, the remnants and descendents of Goguryeo made various efforts to revive it.
Bodeok After Ansŭng assassinated Geom, he surrendered to King Munmu, who gave him the title "King of
Bodeok" in 674. Throughout the
Silla-Tang War and during the initial Goguryeo restoration movement, King
Munmu of Silla had built a coalition of Baekje, Goguryeo and Sillan soldiers utilized them against the Tang army. The Sillan army engaged Tang forces in combat to eject them from the Korean Peninsula south of the Taedong River and prevent any Tang attempts to control Silla, while Tang held control over former
Goguryeo territory north of the Taedong River. The Sillan army at the
Battle of Maeso was composed of Sillan soldiers, former prisoners issued amnesty in exchange for participating in the battle, as well as refugees from
Goguryeo and
Baekje. Though the Kingdom of Bodeok was initially a stronghold for remnants of the Goguryeo population, in 684 Bodeok was abolished by Silla after the Goguryeo immigrants attempted a rebellion. In order to isolate the former Bodeok king from his base, Ansŭng was made to reside in the Silla capital of
Seorabeol, where he was granted the official title of sop'an (소판; 蘇判), bestowed with the royal Sillan clan name of Kim (金). The Goguryeo people there were repopulated in various locales in the southern
Korean peninsula after Bodeok came to an end.
Parhae Following the fall of Goguryeo,
Dae Jo-yeong, along with his father
Dae Jung-sang, gathered Goguryeo refugees in
Yingzhou. He had to eventually flee from the Tang, and then united with the tribes of the Sumo Mohe located near the Songhua river. Historical sources give different accounts of Dae Joyeong's ethnicity and background. Both the
Old Book of Tang and
New Book of Tang describe Dae Joyeong as Mohe but differ on his relationship to Goguryeo. The
Old Book describes him as
gaoli biezhong, which has been translated as "branch of Koguryŏ people" or "separate kind" of Goguryeo people among many different translations. The
New Book describes the state of Parhae and its ruling Dae clan as Mohe people who had submitted or attached themselves to Goguryeo. Dae Jung-sang and Dae Joyeong allied themselves with Baishan Mohe leader
Geolsa Biu, and won the Battle of Tianmenling. Though Jung-sang and Geolsa Biu were killed, Dae Joyeong went on to establish
Parhae. The origins, legacy and history of Parhae are a historiographical dispute between Korea, China and Russia. Chinese and Russian historians claim that the rulers of Parhae were Mohe tribespeople, while Korean and Japanese historians claim that Parhae was the successor state to Goguryeo, and was founded by remnant Goguryeo military nobles who dominated a commoner class of Mohe peoples.
T'aebong and Goryeo Following Silla's unification of the
Three Kingdoms of Korea in 676 AD, its government pursued a national policy of integrating
Baekje and
Goguryeo refugees called the "Unification of the
Samhan" with mixed results. Silla's rigid class structure as well as discrimination towards Baekje and Goguryeo peoples meant that they retained their respective
collective consciousnesses and maintained a deep-seated resentment and hostility toward Silla. By the late 9th century, Silla fell into chaos as the central government collapsed and regional warlords arose. The military officer
Kyŏn Hwŏn revived Baekje in 892 with the descendants of the Baekje refugees, and the Buddhist monk
Kung Ye revived Goguryeo in 901 with the descendants of the Goguryeo refugees; these states together with Later Silla form the
Later Three Kingdoms Later Goguryeo's initial name when it was founded was Goryeo, as old Goguryeo had shortened its name to Goryeo in the mid-5th century. Later Goguryeo originated in the northern regions of Later Silla, which, along with its capital located in modern-day
Kaesong, North Korea, were the strongholds of the Goguryeo refugees. Among the Goguryeo refugees was
Wang Kŏn, a member of a prominent maritime
hojok based in Kaesong, who traced his ancestry to a great clan of Goguryeo. One of Taejo's first decrees was to repopulate and defend the ancient Goguryeo capital of
Pyongyang, which had been in ruins for a long time; afterward, he renamed it the "Western Capital", and before he died, he placed great importance on it in his
Ten Injunctions to his descendants. Goryeo would go on to defeat both
Later Silla and
Later Baekje in 935 and 936 respectively. Following Balhae's destruction in 926, the Parhae people had resisted the
Liao Dynasty. In 937, AD, the last crown prince of Balhae,
Tae Kwanghyŏn and much of its ruling class, sought refuge in Goryeo, where they were warmly welcomed and given land by Taejo. In addition, Taejo included the Balhae crown prince in the Goryeo royal family, unifying the two successor states of Goguryeo and, according to Korean historians, achieving a "true national unification" of Korea. == See also ==