17th to 20th centuries In 1636, Gowanus Bay – named after Gauwane (Gouwane, "the sleeper"), a
Canarsee Indian – was the site of the first settlement by Dutch farmers in what is now Brooklyn. The ponds of Gowanus meadowlands served to drive early settlers' tide-powered
gristmills which were situated along the Gowanus Creek. During the
American Revolutionary War, Gowanus was the scene of fighting in the
Battle of Long Island and American soldiers positioned themselves in Gowanus Heights (now
Park Slope), where they had full view of the British ships as they made landfall in the Bay. In the 1860s, the Gowanus Creek was turned into the
Gowanus Canal, and the area became a hub for manufacturing and shipping. As a result of the industry along the canal and the establishment of a
combined sewer system that dumped waste water directly into a designated outflow at the head of the canal, the neighborhood came to be defined by the polluted canal. After
World War II, the decline of shipping at the port of Red Hook and of manufacturing around New York City prompted large industry to leave and changed the vibrancy of industry in Gowanus. In the late 1940s, the neighborhood became the site of several
NYCHA housing projects, which were built in part to house returning WWII veterans. The water and much of the land along the banks of the Gowanus Canal have been severely polluted by combined sewer outflows (CSOs) along the canal designed to relieve sewage and storm water when the sewer treatment plant is overwhelmed, as well as by decades of industrial use and extensive
coal gas manufacturing during the late 19th century. The Gowanus Canal was also an alleged Mafia dumping ground. Even so, in the early 1980s, alongside the canal, an old 19th-century munitions factory at 230 3rd Street in Gowanus became the site of the massive
Gowanus Memorial Artyard, whose remains are still visible.
21st century The area was historically zoned for light to mid-level manufacturing. In the first decade of the 21st century, residential developers were hindered by the industrial zoning and the problems of the sewage overflow through the canal water, but there had been rumors of
rezoning by the
New York City Department of City Planning. Many residents and community groups have expressed concern over the sewage overflow that the rezoning could possibly create. From 20132016, the City Planning Department, community groups, business owners, developers, arts organizations, and neighborhood residents participated in a "community planning process" called Bridging Gowanus intended to inform neighborhood rezoning processes with the intention of creating a land-use framework for the neighborhood. In 2010, the
Environmental Protection Agency designated the Gowanus Canal a
Superfund site, allocating $506 million for the cleanup of decades of industrial pollution and sewage contamination. but later pushed back to 2029. , a New York City landmark Many "
coworking" spaces were formed in Gowanus in the 2010s. More restaurants, bars, and art galleries moved to the neighborhood, and new real estate became available. The area was rezoned in November 2021, allowing more residential buildings to be developed there. The rezoning includes 8,500 new apartments in the area, of which 3,000 are to be affordable. Local businesses and residents formed the Gowanus Improvement District, a
business improvement district, in 2024. By the mid-2020s, numerous apartment buildings were being built in Gowanus along the canal. ==Transportation==