Family Tree The following
phylogeny is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG. •
E-Z827 (Z827) - E1b1b1b •
E-V257/L19 (L19, V257) - E1b1b1b1 • E-PF2438 • E-Y10561 • E-FGC18981 • E-FGC38527 • E-Y35933 • E-FGC18960 • E-Y33020 • E-FGC18958 • E-PF2440 • E-PF2471 • E-BY9805 •
E-M81 (M81) • E-M81* • E-PF2546 • E-PF2546* • E-CTS12227 • E-MZ11 • E-MZ12 • E-A929 • E-Z5009 • E-Z5009* • E-Z5010 • E-Z5013 • E-Z5013* • E-A1152 • E-A2227 • E-A428 • E-MZ16 • E-PF6794 • E-PF6794* • E-PF6789 • E-MZ21 • E-MZ23 • E-MZ80 • E-A930 • E-Z2198/E-MZ46 • E-A601 • E-L351 •
E-Z830 (Z830) - E1b1b1b2
E-PF2431 PF2431 is the sister branch of M81 which was discovered in Paolo Francalacci (2011). Previously, it was designated L19*/V257*. This mutation has been discovered in North Africa (in Souss in Morocco, in central and eastern Algeria, West Nile in Egypt), the Sahel (Chad, Gambia), Western Europe (United Kingdom (Derbyshire), Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Italy) and Near Eastern (Turkey, Karabakh and Urmia). It would have formed 13800 years ago and is thought to originate from the
"green" Sahara. Its TMRCA is estimated at 10600 years by yfull. Archeology unearthed the remains of a member of the Hungarian conquering elite was analyzed from branch E-FGC19010, it had been discovered in Sandorfalva in Hungary and is dated to the second half of the tenth century. A skeleton was discovered at the Monastery of San Pietro, Villa Magna in Italy, whose DNA belongs to the same branch and lived around 1180CE. Scientists have examined the DNA of a mass grave of victims of the bubonic plague in Ellwangen in Germany, this one dates from the 16th century and belongs to another branch E-FGC18981.
E-M81 E-L19/V257's dominant sub-clade E-M81 is thought to have originated in the Near East of Africa 13,000 years ago and to have been spread by either Phoenicians or by Arabs, or an origin in the area of the northwest of Africa 7,000 years ago, however all Yfull members are M183 and have a TMRCA of just 4200 years ago. E-M81 is the most common subclade of haplogroup E-L19/V257. It is concentrated in MENA, and is dominated by its E-M183 subclade. E-M183 is believed to have originated in the Near East or Northwest of Africa, and has an estimated age of 4200 ybp. The E-M183 sub haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa. It decreases in frequency from 100% among some populations to approximately 28.6% to the east of this range in Egypt. The E-M81 subclade is predominant among North-African
Berber speaking populations and Maghrebi Arabs. In
Tunisia, it reached 100% frequency among a sample of Arabs from
Zriba, 89.5% in Andalusians (Qalaat-al-Andalous) and 100% in Berbers from
Chenini-Douiret, Jradou and Takrouna. 80% in
Mozabite, and 71% in
Middle Atlas Berbers (Moyen). It also reaches high levels (77.8%) among the
Tuareg population inhabiting the
Sahara in
Burkina Faso, near
Gor it reaches a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of
Tanut in the
Republic of Niger. In this key area from Egypt to the
Atlantic Ocean, reports West to East for M183), accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range, Also found in
ifri n'ammar that makes the
Northwest African origin the likely origin of where it expanded, and not the Middle East.
Europe In Europe, E-M81 has a widespread distribution at very low frequencies but is common mostly in the
Iberian Peninsula, where unlike in the rest of Europe, shows an average frequency of 4.3% (49/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 4% and 9% in two separate surveys of
Galicia, 10% in Western
Andalusia and Northwest
Castile. However this study also includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, real average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.9% (47/963) to 41% (23/56). E-M81 is also found in other parts of Europe, such as
Britain – especially
Wales and
Scotland – and
France, where it has an overall incidence of 2.7% (15/555), with frequencies surpassing 5.0% in
Auvergne (5/89) and
Île-de-France (5/91). E-M81 was also observed in Italy with frequencies of 0,7% to 5,8% in
Sardinia, approximately 2.12% overall in
Sicily (but up to 7.14% in
Piazza Armerina), and in very much lower frequency near
Lucera (1.7%), in continental
Italy, possibly due to ancient migrations during the
Islamic,
Roman, and
Carthaginian empires. In a 2014 study by Stefania Sarno et al. with 326 samples from
Cosenza,
Reggio Calabria,
Lecce and five Sicilian provinces, E-M81 shows an average frequency of 1.53%, but the typical Maghrebin core haplotype 13-14-30-24-9-11-13 has been found in only two out of the five E-M81 individuals. These results, along with the negligible contribution from North-African populations revealed by the admixture-like plot analysis, suggest only a marginal impact of trans-Mediterranean gene flows on the current SSI genetic pool.
Latin America As a result of
Spanish and
Portuguese colonization of the Americas, this sub-clade is found throughout
Latin America, for example 6.1% in
Cuba, (8 out of 132), 5.4% in
Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) (6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81; and among
Hispanic men from
California and
Hawaii 2.4% (7 out of 295),
Others In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with the Maghreb, both around the Sahara, in places like
Sudan, and around the Mediterranean in places like
Lebanon,
Turkey, and amongst
Sephardic Jews.
Distribution The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for E-M81, showing where its distribution is greater than 1% in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Latin America.
E-Z830 (E1b1b1b2) A recently confirmed sub-clade of E-Z827, Z830, includes the confirmed sub-clades of
E-M123, E-M293, and E-V42, and is a sibling clade to E-L19. Currently, the E-M35 phylogeny project recognizes four distinct clusters of Z830* carriers, two of which are exclusively
Jewish in origin. The remaining two are significantly smaller, and include scattered individuals in Germany, Spain, Latin America, Egypt, and Ethiopia.
E-M123 E-M123 is mostly known for its major subclade E-M34, which dominates this clade.
E-V1515 A new clade (E-V1515) was defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, which originated about 12 kya (95% CI 8.6-16.4) in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed. This clade includes all the sub-Saharan haplogroups (E-V42, E-M293, E-V92, E-V6) reported as E-M35 basal clades in a previous phylogeny. We observed the highest frequency and diversity of this haplogroup in the northern part of the Horn of Africa (present day
Eritrea and
northern Ethiopia), where the majority of the deepest E-V1515 subhaplogroups and paragroups were found. In the southern part of the Horn (southern Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya), haplogroup E-V1515 is almost exclusively represented by the recent (3.5 ka; 95% CI: 1.7–5.9 ka) subhaplogroup E-V1486. Further south, in southern Kenya and southern Africa, a single E-V1486 terminal clade, known as E-M293 (Henn et al. 2008), was found (fig. 3). This phylogeographic pattern is strongly suggestive of human movements from the northern part of the Horn to the Ethiopian/Kenyan borders between 12 ka (the coalescence of E-V1515) and 3.5 ka (the coalescence of E-V1486), and from here toward
southern Africa across the
equatorial belt in more recent times.
E-M293 E-M293 is a subclade of E-V1515. It was identified by ISOGG as the second clade within E-Z830. It was discovered before E-Z830 and is associated with the spread of
pastoralism from
Eastern Africa by
South Cushites into
Southern Africa. So far high levels have been found in specific ethnic groups in Tanzania and Southern Africa. Highest were the
Datog (43%),
Khwe (Kxoe) (31%),
Burunge (28%), and
Sandawe (24%). Two Bantu-speaking Kenyan males were found with the M293 mutation. This is a subclade of E-M293.
E-V42 E-V42 was discovered in two
Ethiopian Jews.
E-V6 The E-V6 subclade of E-V1515 is defined by V6 and has been identified a significant presence of these lineages in
Ethiopia, and also some in the neighboring
Somali population. Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples, the highest were 14.7% among the Ethiopian
Amhara, and 16.7% among the Ethiopian
Wolayta.
E-V92 E-V92 was discovered in two Ethiopian
Amhara. Like E-V6 and E-V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia. ==Phylogenetics==