and
Baltic-speaking peoples of northern Europe, the
Ob-Ugric-speaking and
Northern Samoyed peoples of western Siberia, and
Turkic-speaking peoples of Russia (especially
Yakuts,, but also
Altaians,
Shors,
Khakas,
Chuvashes,
Tatars, and
Bashkirs). Nearly all members of haplogroup N among these populations of northern Eurasia belong to subclades of either haplogroup N-CTS6128/M2048 or haplogroup N-P43. Y-chromosomes belonging to N1b-F2930/M1881/V3743, or N1*-CTS11499/L735/M2291(xN1a-F1206/M2013/S11466), have been found in China (where they account for approximately 3.62% of all Y-DNA) and sporadically throughout other parts of Eurasia. The N-CTS6128/M2048 and N-P43 subclades of N1a-F1206/M2013/S11466 are found in high numbers in Northern Eurasia; however, members of N1a-F1206(xCTS6128, P43) are currently found mainly in northern China and Korea. N2-Y6503, the other primary subclade of haplogroup N, is extremely rare and is mainly represented among extant humans by a recently formed subclade that is virtually restricted to the countries making up the
former Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro), Hungary and Austria. Other members of N2-Y6503 include a
Hungarian with recent ancestry from
Suceava in
Bukovina, a Slovakian, a few
British individuals, and an
Altaian. N-M231* has been found at low levels in China. One originated from
Guangzhou and one from
Xi'an. Among the ancient samples from the Baikal Early Neolithic Kitoi culture, one of the Shamanka II samples (DA250), dated to c. 6500 BP, was analyzed as NO1-M214 in the original study. However, this same specimen (DA250 or Shamanka 250) has subsequently been found to belong to N-FT210118, the same clade as the other haplogroup N specimens from the same site (besides DA247, who belongs to N-Y147969). N-FT210118 is derived from N-L666/N-F2199 but
basal to N-CTS6380, this latter being the most recent common ancestor of present-day N-P43 (found mainly among Maris, Udmurts, Komis, Chuvashes, Tatars, Nenets, Nganasans, Khanty, Mansi, Khakas, Tuvans,
etc.) and N-F1101 (found mainly among East Asians). Furthermore, N-FT210118 has not been found in any living individual who has had his Y-DNA tested to date, and the estimated TMRCA of N-CTS6380 exceeds the estimated date of deposition of any of the specimens from the Shamanka site associated with the Kitoi culture, so it appears that the representatives of the Kitoi culture at Shamanka (or at least their Y-DNA) have gone
extinct rather than being direct ancestors of any living people.
N1 (CTS11499, Z4762, CTS3750) In 2014, there was a major change in the definition of subclade N1, when LLY22g was retired as the main defining SNP for N1 because of reports of LLY22g's unreliability. According to
ISOGG, LLY22g is problematic because it is a "palindromic marker and can easily be misinterpreted." It is also found in 34.6% of
Lhoba people. •
Uyghurs (2/70 = 2.9% •
Vietnamese people (2/70 = 2.9%) N1(xN1a,N1c) was found in ancient bones of the
Liao civilization: •
Niuheliang (
Hongshan Culture, 6500–5000 BP) 66.7%(=4/6) •
Halahaigou (
Xiaoheyan Culture, 5000–4200 BP) 100.0%(=12/12) •
Dadianzi (
Lower Xiajiadian culture, 4200–3600 BP) 60.0%(=3/5). N-CTS4309: two people identified with this subgroup in Iraq. Very rare.
N1a (F1206/M2013/S11466) The N1a2-F1008/L666 clade and N1a1-M46/Page70/Tat are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor in N1a-F1206/M2013/S11466 approximately 15,900 [95% CI 13,900 17,900] years before present
N1a1 (M46/Page70/Tat, L395/M2080) All M46 in Yfull database are
M178, being a quarter younger than separation from F1139. The mutations that define the subclade N-M46 It also has been detected in 5.9% (3/51) of a sample of
Hmong Daw from Laos, most of those (about 0.74% of all present-day Chinese males) belong to the basal N-F4063 subclade, but the N-M2058 > N-A9408 > N-Y77895 > N-Y70200 subclade (accounting for about 0.15% of all present-day Chinese males) and the N-CTS11808 > N-CTS10336 > N-Y6058 > N-Y16323 > N-F4205 subclade (accounting for about 0.07% of all present-day Chinese males) are also readily detectable. Notably, China also has a significant presence (accounting for approximately 0.51% of all present-day Chinese males) of N-MF14176, which is derived from N-F2584 but basal to N-M46. The haplogroup N-M46 has a low diversity among Yakuts suggestive of a
population bottleneck or
founder effect. This was confirmed by a study of ancient DNA which traced the origins of the male Yakut lineages to a small group of horse-riders from the Cis-Baikal area. N-Tat has been observed with greatly varying frequency in samples from
Sweden. Karlsson
et al. (2006) found N-Tat in 44.7% (17/38) of a sample of
Saami nomads from
Jokkmokk, 19.5% (8/41) of a sample from Västerbotten, 14.5% (8/55) of a sample from Uppsala, 10.0% (4/40) of a sample from Gotland, 9.5% (4/42) of a sample from Värmland, 7.3% (3/41) of a sample from Östergötland/Jönköping, 2.4% (1/41) of a sample from Blekinge/Kristianstad, and 2.2% (1/45) of a sample from Skaraborg. Miroslava Derenko and her colleagues noted that there are two subclusters within this haplogroup, both present in Siberia and Northern Europe, with different histories. The one that they labelled N3a1 first expanded in south Siberia and spread into Northern Europe. Meanwhile, the younger subcluster, which they labelled N3a2, originated in south Siberia (probably in the Baikal region). Neolithic samples from
Baikal area have yielded plenty of yDNA N specimens, and one sample from
Fofonovo,
Buryatia, 5000-4000 BC is among the first Tat samples in the ancient record. Earliest samples of N1a1a-L708 were found in
Trans-Baikal (brn008, N1a1a1*-L708; brn003, N1a1a1a1*-M2126) between 8,000 and 6,000 YBP. Downstream samples were found in
Yakutia (N4b2, N1a1a1a1a*-Z1979) and
Krasnoyarsk Krai (kra001, N1a1a1a1a*-L392), between 5,000 and 4,000 YBP.
N1a2 (F1008/L666) N1a2a-M128 and N1a2b-B523/P43 are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor in N1a2-F1008/L666 approximately 8,700 [95% CI 7,500 9,900] years before present,
Khakas, and
Komis. A number of a Han Chinese, an Ooled
Mongol, a
Qiang, and a
Tibetan were found to belong to a sister branch (or branches) of N-M128 under paragroup N-F1154*. A neolithic sample brn002 (~5,940 BP) in Trans-Baikal was discovered to be an early offshoot upstream of N-M128. As a genetic testing result of
Yelü clan, a royal family of the
Liao Dynasty and
Khitan descents, it was found to belong to N-F1998, a downstream of N-M128. According to "The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene", the basal yDNA N-M128/mtDNA B5b2 HGDP01293 individual occupied a position on the
PCA between the Jiangsu Province's and Anhui province's specimens, but not far from the Shandong province's mtDNA R11'B6>R11b specimen, Based on ancient DNA, the distribution of mtDNA B5b2 after 9500 years ago and prior to 4600 years ago in the direction of the Anhui and Jiangsu provinces from Shandong from the vicinity of the future Shandong Longshan Yinjiacheng site is shown in "Maternal genetic structure in ancient Shandong between 9500 and 1800 years ago", while the existence of the local Paleolithic Northern East Asian substratum, represented by individuals of the basal died-out yDNA O-M164*, separating from the Southern East Asian yDNA O-M188 and contributing to yDNA C2-M217 ancestors of Altaic and Korean representatives, was shown in "Human genetic history on the Tibetan Plateau in the past 5100 years". Having occupied the position on the PCA between the Jiangsu Province's and Anhui Province's specimens, the basal yDNA N-M128/mtDNA B5b2 HGDP01293 individual became a participant of the uniform genetic cline, which spanned from Jiangsu and Anhui individuals to the Tai-speaking
Dai people, and from Jiangsu and Anhui individuals to the ancient individual WGM20, belonging to mtDNA M11, of the Yangshao Wanggou site, dated to 5000–5500 years ago, and this ancient age also encompassed ancient yDNA pre-N-M128 Mazongshan individuals and modern yDNA N-M128-affiliated Gansu Province's individuals, who appeared to be included on the mentioned genetic cline closer to the ancient Henan province's specimens of the Longshan period ca. 4000 years ago, than to the more genetically basal ancient individual WGM20 of the Yangshao Wanggou site, dated to 5000–5500 years ago. in a sample of
Enets, 78% (21/27) in a sample of
Khants, 75% (44/59) in a sample of
Mansi, 57% (64/112) in a third sample of
Khants, and 25% (7/28) There appears to be a cline through the Sagai (another Turkic-speaking ethnic group that is now considered to be a constituent of the Khakas people), with 46.2% (55/119) of Sagai sampled from Ust'–Es', Esino, Ust'–Chul', and Kyzlas settlements of
Askizsky district of central Khakassia belonging to haplogroup N-P43
vs. only 13.6% (11/81) of Sagai sampled from Matur, Anchul', Bol'shaya Seya, and Butrakhty settlements of
Tashtypsky district of southern Khakassia belonging to this haplogroup. Rootsi
et al. (2007) examined a sample of Khakas (
n=181) and found that 31 of them (17.1%) belonged to N-P43;
N1b (F2930) Haplogroup N1b has been predominantly found in the Yi people, a Tibeto-Burman speaking ethnic group in southwestern China who originated from ancient Qiang tribes in northwestern China. N-Y7310 (or N-F14667) subsumes N-FGC28435 and likewise probably descends from a common ancestor who has lived some time in the first half of the last millennium. However, members of N-Y7310(xFGC28435) exhibit a greater geographic range, including an individual from
Rostov Oblast of Russia and a
Romanian Hungarian individual with ancestry from
Suceava,
Bukovina. The most recent common ancestor of all the aforementioned extant N-P189 lineages has been estimated to be 4,900 (95% CI 5,700 4,100) years before present. and in an archaeological specimen attributed to the Kitoi culture of ceramic-using
foragers of the area around
Lake Baikal (approx. 6,700 years before present).
Ancient peoples A sample excavated at the Houtaomuga site in the Yonghe neighborhood of Honggangzi Township,
Da'an,
Jilin, China dating back to 7430–7320 years ago (Phase II of the Early Neolithic) has been found to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup N and mtDNA
haplogroup B4c1a2. This sample is autosomally identical with the Neolithic Amur River Basin populations, of which Nivkh people are the closest modern representative. As the paper detected this ancestry in terminal Pleistocene USR1 specimen in Alaska, it is therefore, postulated that there was gene flow from Amur to America. N has also been found in many samples of Neolithic human remains exhumed from
Liao civilization in northeastern China, and in the circum-Baikal area of southern Siberia. It is suggested that yDNA N, reached southern Siberia from 12 to 14 kya. From there it reached southern Europe 8-10kya. ==Phylogeny==