Haplogroup O-M119 lineages are found primarily in
Southeast Asian populations of
Malaysia,
Vietnam,
Indonesia, the
Philippines, southern China and
Taiwan . High frequencies of this haplogroup have been found in populations spread in an arc through southeastern China, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesia. It has been found with generally lower frequency in samples from Oceania, mainland Southeast Asia, Southwest China, Northwest China, North China, Northeast China, Korea, Japan, North Asia, and Central Asia. A 2008 study by Li suggested that the
admixture analyses of Tai–Kadai-speaking populations showed a significant genetic influence in a large proportion of Indonesians. Most of the population samples contained a high frequency of haplogroup O-M119. The frequencies of Haplogroup O-M119 among various East Asian and Austronesian populations suggest a complex genetic history of the modern
Han populations of southern China. Although Haplogroup O-M119 occurs only at an average frequency of approximately 4% among Han populations of northern China and peoples of southwestern China and Southeast Asia who speak
Tibeto-Burman languages, the frequency of this haplogroup among the Han populations of southern China nearly quadruples to about 15-23%. The frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Southern Han has been found to be slightly greater than the arithmetic mean of the frequencies of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Northern Han and a pooled sample of Austronesian populations. This suggests that modern Southern Han populations may possess a non-trivial number of male ancestors who were originally affiliated with some Austronesian-related culture, or who at least shared some genetic affinity with many of the ancestors of modern Austronesian peoples.
Subclade distribution O-M119 This lineage is found frequently in
Austronesians, southern
Han Chinese, and
Kra-Dai peoples. This lineage is presumed to be a marker of the prehistoric
Austronesian expansion, with possible origins encompassing the regions along the southeastern coast of China and neighboring
Taiwan, and is found among modern populations of
Maritime Southeast Asia and
Oceania . Haplogroup O-M119 Y-chromosomes also have been found to occur at low frequency among various populations of
Siberia, such as the
Nivkhs (one of 17 sampled Y-chromosomes),
Ulchi/
Nanai (2/53), Yenisey
Evenks (1/31), and especially the
Buryats living in the
Sayan-
Baikal uplands of
Irkutsk Oblast (6/13) .
O-P203 O-P203 was found in 86.7% (52/60) of a sample from
Nias, 70.8% (34/48) of Taiwanese Aboriginals, 28.4% (21/74) of
Mentawai, 11.4% (73/641) of Balinese, 9.8% (6/61) of a sample from Java, 9.1% (36/394) of a sample from
Flores, 9.1% (15/165) of Han Chinese, 8.3% (1/12) of a sample from Western Samoa, 8.2% (4/49) of
Tujia from
Hunan, 6.9% (4/58) of
Miao from China, 5.7% (4/70) of Vietnamese, 3.3% (1/30) of a sample from the
Moluccas, 3.1% (1/32) of Malaysians, 3.0% (1/33) of a sample from highland Papua New Guinea, 2.6% (1/38) of a sample from Sumatra, 2.3% (2/86) of a sample from Borneo, 2.1% (1/48) of Filipinos, 2.0% (1/51) of
She, 1.7% (1/60) of
Yao from Guangxi, 1.1% (1/92) of a sample from
Lembata, and 0.9% (3/350) of a sample from
Sumba. In a study published in 2011, O-P203 was observed in 22.2% (37/167) of Han Chinese male volunteers at Fudan University in Shanghai whose origin may be traced back to
East China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, or Anhui), 12.3% (8/65) of Han Chinese male volunteers whose origin may be traced back to
South China, and 1.6% (2/129) of Han Chinese male volunteers whose origin may be traced back to
North China.
O-M101 This lineage was observed in one individual from
China and another from
Kota Kinabalu . According to the website of Chinese genetic testing company 23mofang, O-M101 is a subclade of O-M307/P203 (O-M307 > O-F446 > O-F5498 > O-Z23406 > O-M101). Its
TMRCA is estimated to be 4,850 years before present, and it is estimated to account for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.21% of all males in present-day China, with its distribution being relatively dense in
Hunan,
Hubei,
Hainan, and
Jiangxi. The O-M101 > O-A5863 > O-SK1573 subclade (TMRCA 3,400 ybp) has been estimated to account for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.08% of all males in present-day China, being relatively concentrated in
South Central China and
Southwest China at present. The O-M101 > O-A5863 > O-Y163909 subclade (TMRCA 4,080 ybp) has been observed in 16.7% (3/18) of a sample of
Phuan males from
Central Thailand.
O-M50 This lineage occurs among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Madagascar as well as among some populations of continental Southeast Asia and among Bantu peoples of the
Comoros. It also has been found in a
Hawaiian. A study published in 2005 found O-M50 in 33.3% (13/39) of a sample of aboriginals in Taiwan, 18.2% (2/11) of a sample of people in
Majuro, 17.1% (6/35) of a sample of
Malagasy, 9.2% (6/65) of a sample of people in
Kota Kinabalu, 9.1% (2/22) of a sample of people in
Banjarmasin, 3.6% (1/28) of a sample of people in the
Philippines, and 1.9% (1/52) of a sample of people in
Vanuatu. Kayser
et al. 2008 found O-M110 in 34.1% (14/41) of a sample of Taiwan Aborigines, 17.7% (26/147) of a sample from the Admiralty Islands, 17.3% (9/52) of a sample from the Trobriand Islands, 13.5% (5/37) of a sample from the Philippines, 9.7% (3/31) of a sample from the Nusa Tenggara Islands, 3.8% (2/53) of a sample from Java, 3.0% (1/33) of a sample from the Moluccas, 2.5% (1/40) of a sample from Borneo, 1.0% (1/100) of a sample from Tuvalu, and 0.95% (1/105) of a sample from Fiji. A study published in 2010 found O-M110 in 18.8% (9/48) Taiwanese Aboriginals, 13.3% (8/60) Nias, 8.3% (4/48) Philippines, 7.4% (4/54) Sulawesi, 6.3% (22/350) Sumba, 5.8% (5/86) Borneo, 3.3% (1/30) Moluccas, 2.3% (1/44) Maewo, Vanuatu, 1.6% (1/61) Java, 1.4% (1/74) Mentawai, and 0.8% (5/641) Bali. A study published in 2012 found O-M110 in 4.6% (33/712) of males from the
Solomon Islands. ==Phylogenetics==