The most common injury type suffered by musicians is
repetitive strain injury. A survey of orchestral performers found that 64–76% had significant repetitive strain injuries. Other types of
musculoskeletal disorders, such as
carpal tunnel syndrome and
focal dystonia, are also common. Non-musculoskeletal problems include: •
contact dermatitis, • hearing problems
due to exposure to loud music, such as
tinnitus,
hearing loss,
hyperacusis and
diplacusis, • respiratory disorders or
pneumothorax, • increased intraocular pressure, •
gastroesophageal reflux disease, and • psychological issues such as
performance anxiety. There is little consistency across the hearing healthcare sector with respect to the care of musicians' hearing and the provision of hearing protection. However, the American Academy of Audiology has published a consensus document regarding best practices for hearing loss prevention with musicians. Playing a brass or woodwind instrument puts the musician at greater risk of
inguinal hernia. Woodwind instrumentalists, in rare cases, suffer a condition known as
hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also referred to as
saxophone lung, caused by
Exophiala infection. It is held that this can occur if instruments are not cleaned properly. The risks for
disc jockeys working in nightclubs with
loud music include
noise-induced hearing loss and
tinnitus. Nightclubs constantly exceed safe levels of noise exposure, with average sound levels ranging from 93.2 to 109.7 dB. Constant music exposure creates temporary and permanent auditory dysfunction for professional disk jockeys, with average levels at 96 dB, which is above the level at which
ear protection is mandatory for industry. Three-quarters of disk jockeys have tinnitus and are at risk of
tenosynovitis in the wrists and other limbs. Tenosynovitis results from staying in the same position over multiple gigs for scratching motion and cueing; this would be related to a
repetitive strain injury. Gigs can last 4–5 hours in
nightlife and the
hospitality industry; as a result there are potential
complications of prolonged standing which include slouching, varicose veins, cardiovascular disorders, joint compression, and muscle fatigue. It is also common for other staff to experience these, such as bartenders and security staff. The
World Health Organization launched the Make Listening Safe initiative as part of the celebration of
World Hearing Day on 3 March 2015. WHO reviewed existing noise regulations for various entertainment sites – including clubs, bars, concert venues, and sporting arenas and released a global Standard for Safe Listening Venues and Events as part of World Hearing Day 2022. ==See also==