Early life Sanford was born in
Woodbury, Connecticut into a family with deep
New England roots. He was the son of Nancy Bateman Shelton (1800–1880) and
Nehemiah Curtis Sanford, who arrived in 1635 and was the only man in Connecticut's history to hold all four top offices: governor, deputy governor, treasurer, and secretary. He was also the transcriber of the
Fundamental Orders. Nehemiah C. Sanford's brother was
John Sanford, the founder of the
Amsterdam, New York branch of the Sanford family.
Education Henry Shelton Sanford enrolled in
Trinity College in 1839 but did not graduate. Trinity College later conferred on him the degree of L.L.D. in 1849. He was also educated at
Heidelberg University, Germany from which institution he received the degree of
Doctor of Canon and Civil Law or J.U.D. in 1855. Sanford began diplomatic work in 1847, when he was named the Secretary of the American
legation to
St. Petersburg. In 1848, he was named acting Secretary to the American Legation in
Frankfurt. President
Zachary Taylor then appointed him to the same post in Paris, where he would remain from 1849 to 1854, the last year of which after a promotion to
chargé d'affaires.
Minister to Belgium President
Abraham Lincoln appointed him as Minister to
Belgium in 1861. There, apart from preventing Confederate recognition, he signed a number of significant agreements, including the Scheldt Treaties, concerning import duties and the capitalization of the Scheldt dues (1863), a naturalization treaty, and a consular convention including a trademark article supplemental to the commercial treaty of 1858. In addition, Sanford co-ordinated northern secret service operations during the Civil War, arranged for the purchase of war materials for the Union, and delivered a message from Secretary of State
William H. Seward to
Giuseppe Garibaldi, offering the Italian patriot a Union command. After the Civil War he bought an orange grove in
St. Augustine, Florida, from
John Hay, who had been one of President Lincoln's secretaries and later served as U.S. Secretary of State. It was the beginning of a large investment in the state. The St. Augustine grove was later developed as a real estate subdivision in the northern part of the city's historic Lincolnville neighborhood. It includes a Sanford Street as a permanent memory of its origins.
Marriage and family He married on September 21, 1864, in Paris, France, to Gertrude Ellen Dupuy (27 June 1841 "du Puy Place", Banks-of-the-Schuylkill,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – 1 June 1902
Derby, Connecticut), • Leopold Curits Sanford, born July 27, 1880, in Brussels, Belgium and died December 1, 1885, at Chateau de Gingelona, Belgium • Edwyn Emeline Willimine Gladys McKinnon Sanford, born on November 27, 1882, Brussels, Belgium He was nominated by President
Ulysses S. Grant in 1869 as
U.S. Minister to Spain. His Senate confirmation, which was long discussed, was tabled due solely on the grounds that he was unwilling to move to Spain. As soon as President Grant appointed General
Daniel Sickles U.S. Minister to Spain, he resigned his post at Belgium.
Investment in Florida In 1868 Sanford began to invest his money in Florida, purchasing 12,547 acres of land in central Florida and founding the town which bears his name. He also established the 100 acre Bel Air Grove which at the time was the largest grove in the state. He then began experimenting with 100 varieties of
citrus plantings which led to the production of new quality citrus fruits including the
Jaffa, Mediterranean Sweet, and the Villa Francean. Sanford continued to travel throughout the United States and the world. In 1870, Sanford paid $18,400 to former Confederate General
Joseph Finegan to acquire his extensive land holdings along
Lake Monroe and founded the city of
Sanford, Florida. He founded an orange plantation at
Lake Monroe that offered some promise to revive his flagging fortunes, but it did not prove profitable in the long term. In fact he poured quite a bit of precious capital into land speculation and town building in Florida in the hopes of turning around a family economy that spent far more than it took in, but with no success. The commitment of his time and resources to cashing in on the postbellum Florida land boom was a miserable failure in the end. His wife was so disgruntled with his booster schemes that she lamented in a letter to her husband that Florida was "a vampire that... sucked the
repose & the beauty & the
dignity & cheerfulness out of our lives." Sanford had numerous other business interests, some in the Congo after his work for Belgium, but none were profitable.
Work for Leopold II of Belgium In 1876 he was named acting Delegate of the American Geographical Society to
a conference called by
King Leopold II of
Belgium to organize the
International African Association with the purpose of opening up equatorial Africa to civilizing influences. Leopold II used Sanford to convince
Henry Morton Stanley to explore the Congo basin for Belgium in 1878. He then hired Sanford in 1883 as his envoy to the United States to try to gain American recognition for his colony in the
Congo Basin, which became known as the
Congo Free State. In 1885, Sanford expressed the hope that
African Americans could be removed to the Congo Free State to make it a "Canaan for our modern Israelites" and clear the U.S. of a "black cloud." In 1886, Sanford organized in Brussels and dispatched to the Congo and its tributaries the Sanford Exploring Expedition for the purpose of scientific and commercial discovery and for the opening up of an interior trade. His steamboats "Florida" and "New York" were the first commercial steamers to penetrate the waters of the upper Congo. Sanford employed
Roger Casement from September 1886 to February 1888 on the Expedition, working on river transports. His project did not prosper partly because the Congo State was becoming increasingly restrictive in its attitude to other commercial interests. In 1888, the Sanford Exploring Expedition merged with the
Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie (CCCI) to create the
Société anonyme belge pour le commerce du Haut-Congo (SAB). Sanford remained loyal to the Belgian king until 1889 and served as the American representative at Leopold's
Anti-Slavery Conference. Leopold then betrayed his earlier
free trade plans for the Congo and asked for the imposition of
customs duties to aid the destruction of slavery in the Congo.
Further business ventures His efforts on overseas matters resulted in his Florida groves failing as a lucrative business. To meet his labor shortages, Sanford brought 100 workers from Sweden and agreed to pay for their passage after one year of labor. His workers eventually formed the settlement called New Uppsala. In 1881, Sanford brought 75 more Swedish workers to his groves under the same arrangement. Sanford then founded the "Tropical Garden" research station which conducted remarkable experiments in plant and fruit growth.
Death Sanford died at Healing Springs, Virginia on May 21, 1891. He is buried in Long Hill Cemetery, Shelton, Connecticut.{{cite news | title = Obituary of Henry Shelton Sanford | work = The New York Times | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1891/05/23/103309221.pdf | access-date = 21 August 2010 ==Legacy==