Hermit Formation

As summarized by McKee in 1982, the sedimentary strata assigned to the Supai Group and Hermit Formation have a long and complicated nomenclature. However, out of numerous publications, three major papers have been responsible for the defining the Hermit Formation as currently mapped in the Grand Canyon region First in 1910, Darton proposed the name of Supai Formation for Pennsylvanian-Permian redbeds exposured at its type section in the vicinity of Supai Village in Cataract Canyon, central Grand Canyon. As defined by Darton, the Supai formation included all Pennsylvanian-Permian strata, mostly red beds, lying between the Redwall Limestone and the Coconino Sandstone in the Grand Canyon region. In 1922, Noble changed the Supai Formation to Supai Group and subdivided it into four formations within the Supai Group: the Watahomigi, Manakacha, and Wescogame formations and the Esplanade Sandstone. Given it heterogenous nature and abundance of sandstone and siltstone within it, the Hermit Shale was renamed the Hermit Formation. Subsequence publications of the last 35 years have used the largely used the term Hermit Formation. ==Lithology==

The Hermit Formation consists of a poorly exposed, slope-forming, heterogeneous assemblage of interbedded red-to-brown mudstone, siltstone, and very fine sandstone. Northward along the Hurricane Cliffs and into adjacent Utah, the sandstone content increases as it laterally interfingers and merges with the Queantoweap Sandstone. The Hermit Formation varies in thickness from about in the eastern portion of the Grand Canyon and near Seligman to over in the areas of Toroweap overlook and Shivwits Plateau. The Hermit Formation can be traced in the western Mogollon Rim region east of Seligman to the Sedona region, where it is about thick. Silty sandstone and sandy mudstone comprise most of the lithology of the Hermit Formation. At most outcrops, sandstone predominates near the base of this formation and decreases as mudstone increases in abundance upward. The sandstone and mudstone beds are typically rhythmically interbedded with 15 or more cycles exposed in most locations. The silty sandstones are structureless to ripple laminated to trough cross-stratified. The structureless sandstone layers consist of ledge-forming beds that are around in thickness and may or may not contain limy, nodular concretions. The ripple-laminated sandstone beds exhibit subaqueous, faint-to-prominent ripple cross-lamination. The troughs exhibited by the trough cross-stratified sandstone up to several meters across. Near the base of the Hermit Formation at many localities within Grand Canyon and in the Sedona, Arizona areas, rare trough to planar-tabular sets of cross-stratified sandstone, fine-grained and well-sorted, with climbing translatent strata, occur. Because of poor exposures, both the extent and geometry of individual sandstone beds are uncertain. Commonly, the mudstone is featureless. However, clean rock outcrops display fine ripple lamination and calcareous nodular concretions. Although a minor component overall, thin intraformational conglomerates are locally present within the Hermit Formation. The pebbles are typically locally derived from the adjacent carbonate concretions found within the intercalated sandstone and mudstone. A few of these pebbles also consist of carbonate-cemented, fine-grained sandstone and siltstone. These conglomerates occur both as individual beds and incorporate into sandstone beds. They are common abundant in the area of Sedona, Arizona. They decrease in abundance all directions from there. ==Contacts==

In parts of central and eastern Grand Canyon region, the lower contact of the Hermit Formation consists of paleovalleys of considerable depth cut into the Esplanade Sandstone. These paleovalleys are filled by deposits of the Hermit Formation. However, in the western Grand Canyon and other parts of western and northern Arizona, little evidence of an erosional break can be found between the Hermit Formation and the Esplanade Sandstone. In these areas, a recognizable interruption in the accumulation of sediment between the Esplanade Sandstone is lacking and the Hermit Formation is only separated by an arbitrary boundary from the Esplanade Sandstone. ==Fossils and Age==

The fossils of invertebrates are typically uncommon and poorly preserved in the Hermit Formation. This is due to the unfavorable conditions of fossil preservation associated with the arid fluvial environments and grain size of the Hermit Formation. Two fossil insect wings have been described from the Hermit Formation of the Grand Canyon region. Both are meganeurids, members of an extinct clade resembling modern dragonflies, and date the Hermit Formation to the early Permian Period. Other reported invertebrate fossils include a partial wing of an odonate and a forewing of an unnamed blattoid or cockroach. Also, a poorly preserved external mold of a eurypterid, Hastimima spp., has been collected from the Hermit Formation. Finally, The Hermit Formation contains the unstudied trackways, burrows, and resting and feeding traces of invertebrates along with the more common root bioturbation and microbial structures. The Hermit Formation has yielded what is certainly best-preserved and most diverse assemblage of vertebrate trace fossils, including tracks and trackways, known from the Grand Canyon region. It contains the ichnotaxa Amphisauropus kablikae, Amphisauropus, Batrachichnus salamandroides, Dimetropus isp., Dromopus lacertoides, Erpetopus isp., Hyloidichnus bifurcatus, and Ichniotherium cottae. The presence of Dimetropus and Ichniotherium suggests a late Artinskian to Kungurian age for the Hermit Formation because the it is overlain by the late Kungurian Coconino Sandstone. This assemblage of vertebrate trace fossils is an abundant and relatively diverse collection of reptile and anamniote tracks and rarer synapsid tracks. In 1929, David White published a monograph about the fossil flora is of the Hermit Formation. In it, he reported 29 species of fossil plants and identified an additional ten additional species only identified to genus level, or of uncertain identification. However, it is likely that there are only half that many actual species in the Hermit Formation because many fossils are poorly preserved and doubtfully described. The major plant groups reported from the Hermit Formation include seed plants, including seed ferns, conifers, horsetails, Ginkgoopsida, and algae. ==Depositional environments==

Based on fossils and it sedimentology, the Hermit Formation is interpreted as being deposited by fluvial processes on a seasonally arid coastal plain. Locally, eolian processes deposited loess and created scattered sand dunes, which left local accumulations of eolian sand deposits. ==See also==