Herpothallon

The genus was circumscribed in 1930 by German lichenologist Friedrich Tobler, with Herpothallon sanguineum assigned as the type species. Tobler erroneously believed that the fungus was a member of the Basidiomycota. After it was recognized as an ascolichen, it was referred to either Chiodecton (family Roccellaceae) or Cryptothecia (family Arthoniaceae). In 2009, Herpothallon was resurrected following a publication by André Aptroot, Göran Thor, Robert Lücking, and John Elix, in which they recognized 29 species worldwide. The type species is now known as Herpothallon rubrocinctum, or in the vernacular as the "Christmas lichen". ==Description==

Herpothallon is characterized by the byssoid (a wispy or cottony texture) prothallus (i.e., the first purely fungal layer upon which an algae-containing thallus develops) and hypothallus (i.e., a growth of undifferentiated purely fungal mycelium present as a distinct layer on the underside of the thallus). The texture of the thallus is somewhat felt-like, and its form is heteromerous, meaning that more or less distinct tissues are present, in particular, the mycobiont and photobiont components occur in well-marked layers, with the photobiont in a more or less distinct zone between the upper cortex and the medulla. Another thallus feature common to all species is the felty pseudoisidia; these are isidia-like outgrowths that, unlike true isidia, lack internal differentiation and have no distinct cortex. The thallus also has pustules (blister-like elevations), and granules ranging in form and size from soredia-like to minute. The photobiont partner of the Herpothallon lichen is from Trentepohlia, a genus of green algae. In Herpothallon, the asci do not develop in true ascomata. Only two members of the genus, H. fertile and H. inopinatum, are known to be fertile. ==Species==

, Species Fungorum accepts 49 species of Herpothallon. • Herpothallon adnatum • Herpothallon alae – Vanuatu • Herpothallon aurantiacoflavum • Herpothallon australasicum • Herpothallon biacidum – Australia • Herpothallon brialmonticum • Herpothallon capilliferum – China • Herpothallon cinereum • Herpothallon confluenticum • Herpothallon confusum • Herpothallon corallinum • Herpothallon coralloides – Andaman Islands • Herpothallon echinatum • Herpothallon elegans • Herpothallon fertile • Herpothallon flavominutum – India • Herpothallon furfuraceum • Herpothallon glaucescens – China • Herpothallon globosum • Herpothallon globuliferum – Andaman Islands • Herpothallon granulare • Herpothallon granulosum – India • Herpothallon himalayanum – India • Herpothallon hypoprotocetraricum • Herpothallon hyposticticum – Galápagos Islands • Herpothallon inopinatum – Mexico • Herpothallon isidiatum – India • Herpothallon japonicum • Herpothallon kigeziense – Uganda • Herpothallon lilacinum – China • Herpothallon lutescens – Andaman Islands • Herpothallon minimum • Herpothallon minutum – Andaman Islands • Herpothallon nigroisidiatum • Herpothallon philippinum • Herpothallon polyisidiatum – China • Herpothallon psorpseudisidiatum – Brazil • Herpothallon purpureum – Brazil • Herpothallon pustulatum • Herpothallon queenslandicum • Herpothallon roseocinctum • Herpothallon rubrocinctoides • Herpothallon rubrocinctum • Herpothallon rubroechinatum • Herpothallon rubromaculatum • Herpothallon saxorum – Galápagos Islands • Herpothallon subglobosum – China • Herpothallon tomentosum – China • Herpothallon tricolor • Herpothallon viridi-isidiatum – China • Herpothallon weii – China ==References==