Huang Yuanyong

Huang Yuanyong (Given name: Huang Weiji 黃為基) was born to an educated family in Jiujiang (), Jiangxi Province () in China. His father was a scholar and an officer in charge of foreign affairs in Ningbo (), and a number of his family members were government officials. Influenced by his family, Huang immersed himself in Chinese classics when he grew up. To improve his English, his family hired a foreign tutor to teach him the language. Huang completed secondary schooling in the Zhejiang () province. During his studies at Zhejiang Huxing Nanxun Government School (), he was involved in educational reform campaigns and became a member of the Progressive Party (). In 1903, Huang came in seventh place in the regional examination in Jiangxi (). Nevertheless, the 19-year-old Huang did not follow the custom of becoming a government official, instead continuing his legal study at Chuo University in Tokyo, Japan. Six years later, he returned to China and started working at the Civil Postal Department (). Later on, he became a journalist and worked for several different papers and news agencies. Huang was particularly famous for his discussions of politics and social issues. == Life as a journalist ==

Background Following the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Huang ceased his work as an officer in the new government of the Republic of China. Li Shengduo (), one of the Beiyang five ministers (), played an influential role for Huang. He advised Huang to enter journalism, saying that "In western countries, the majority of journalists are familiar with history and international affairs. If you choose to work in this field, there is no doubt you will become a famous reporter." After receiving Li's advice, Huang began his career as a journalist. Huang soon won recognition for his abilities as a journalist. In 1912, the founding year of the Republic of China, Huang, Lan Gongwu () and Zhang Junmai (), who were known as "The trio of youth for modern China" (), first published Shao Nian Zhong Guo Weekly 《少年中國周刊》 to criticise politics. Later on, Huang and two other young journalists, Liu Shaoshao () and Ding Foyan (), were entitled '"The outstanding trio of journalism" (). Huang was also regarded as "The first genuine reporter in the modern context in China" () and his Yuansheng Tongxun (), a special column of news dispatch, became the most popular and famous brand in Chinese journalism. Contribution to newspapers and Magazines Huang's first job was to write articles for the ''Ya Shi Ya' Daily News'' () in Shanghai. The positions at newspapers and magazines that he later served include: • Shen Bao () - newspaper reporter • Shi Bao () - newspaper reporter • Dong Fang Daily News () - newspaper reporter • Shao Nian Zhong Guo Weekly () - founder and magazine editor • Yong Yan () - magazine editor • Dong Fang Magazine () - writer • Lun Heng () - writer • Guo Min Gong Bao () - writer With his academic background and work experiences, Huang took up a number of roles in the field. He worked as a chief editor (), an appointed regional reporter in Beijing () and Shanghai, and a freelance article writer (). He was well known for being diversified and productive. In 1915, Huang's clash with Yuan Shikai () eventually cost him his job. The news of Huang being shot to death in the United States shortly after his arrival shocked the press and literary circles of China. Publications Among Huang's publications,Yuansheng yi zhu is a collection which consists of 239 pieces of his posthumous articles. It was published by Huang's friend, Lin Zhijun (), after Huang's death in 1919. From 1920 to 1927, four editions of this book were published by the Commercial Press of Shanghai (). It was the first collection of news articles in Chinese publishing history. Huang's articles included news reporting, political analysis, and the like. The majority of Huang's articles were reports of major events and influential people in the turbulent politics of China at the time. His publications on political issues include: • A Warning to the Trio Superpower 《對於三大勢力之警告》 • An Overview of Current Politics 《最近之大勢》 • Astray Official 《官迷論》 • Conflict between Traditional and Contemporary Thoughts 《新舊思想之衝突》 • New Year in Beijing 《北京之新年》 • ''Three Days' Astronomy'' 《三日觀天記》 • The Chef of the Ambassador 《外交部之厨子》 His other publications include: • My Confession 《懺悔錄》 • Introspection 《反省》 • Passive Optimism 《消極之樂觀》 As a journalist, he interviewed many important figures of the time, including: • Sun Yat-sen () • Huang Xing () • Song Jiaoren () • Chang Taiyen () • Cai Yuanpei () • Yuan Shikai () • Li Yuanhong () • Tang Shaoyi () • Lu Zhengxiang () • Zhao Bingkwun () • Xiong Xiling () • Duan Qirui () Huang reported on many important events in China. For example: • The assassination of Song Jiaoren () • The resignation of Yuan Shikai () • The signing of The Twenty-One Demands () • The resignation of Tang Shaoyi () Clash with Yuan Shikai Huang initially supported the creation of the Republic of China under Yuan Shikai's leadership. However, the new government became a great disappointment to Huang. He felt that despite the Progressive Party's rhetoric it was still a corrupt organization. In the articles entitled Big Loan Incident () and The Twenty-One Demands (), Huang described Yuan's alleged secret deals with foreign powers and betrayal of the nation's interest for his own sake. Huang once described the status of the government as "idealess, dead-ended and hopeless" (). However, what most upset Huang was the threat to the freedom of the press that he felt Yuan represented. Under Yuan, journalists were prohibited from attending political meetings () and the censorship of newspapers also became the custody of the Police Authority (). Between 1912 and 1916 Yuan and his party extended their control over the news media, banning 71 newspapers and arresting more than 60 journalists. These events left Huang with a much more pessimistic view of the importance of journalism. The incident which triggered the final clash of Huang and Yuan occurred in 1915. At that time, news media sympathetic to Yuan had been promoting his plan to revive the monarchic system in China. At first, he offered Liang Qichao () two hundred thousand dollars to write an article in favour of him, but Liang refused. Then he approached Huang due to Huang's reputation. Yuan offered him ten thousand dollars to become a minister and the chief editor of Ya Shi Ya Daily News (), which was under his control. Still, Huang was unwilling to violate his principles as a journalist. Huang posted his announcement entitled ''My declaration of opposing the monarchic system and resignation from all positions of Yuan's group of publishers 《黃遠生反對帝制並辭去袁系報紙聘約啟事》 in most major newspapers in Shanghai, including Shen Bao (). Huang published further similar announcements in several papers, including Shen Bao () and Shi Shi Xin Bao'' () to clarify his political break from Yuan. Yuan maintained pressure on Huang by naming him chief editor of Ya Shi Ya Daily News against his will, a position which Huang rejected. Eventually, though, Huang tried to escape this political battle, devoting himself to further academic studies. == Influence on China ==

Journalism Huang's writings were an important element in transforming traditional China into its modern form. Huang and other famous journalists such as Kang Youwei () and Liang Qichao () formed the Group of Journalists (), which played an important role in late Qing dynasty. As the educated ones, the group's opinions towards the society would be released to the public so that the dark side of the nation could be disclosed, enhancing the public's awareness of social issues. The group was undeniably a major breakthrough in China's journalistic history. Huang was most active before and after the Xinhai Revolution (). That period was a dark age for cultural development in China, with interference from the past and the present, China and the West. Huang showed his concern and worries in that period through his writings. Strictly speaking, there was nobody who would write as many articles as Huang did at that time. Huang emphasized that a journalist should be equipped with four important abilities: • The ability to think critically () • The ability to run () - to develop and broaden interpersonal network to enrich news sources • The ability to listen () - to analyze and co-ordinate trivial pieces into consequence • The ability to write () directly, without distortion Literature Many intellectuals such as Chen Duxiu () were influenced by Huang's ideas. They organized and published "New Youths" 《新青年》 and "New current of ideas" 《新潮》, which were largely promoted in Shanghai. More than thirty articles in the two publications mentioned Huang's name and his innovative ideas. One famous intellectual, Hu Shih (), even considered Huang as the "First Voice" of promoting a new type of literature in his book Wu shi nian lai zhi wen xue (Literature within fifty years) 《五十年來之文學》. Huang has been regarded as the pioneer of the May Fourth Movement (). He termed the movement a "Chinese Renaissance" in 1915 before it had actually started. He advocated the Literary Enlightenment Movement () by promoting modern Chinese literature and introducing Western ideas to China. In his article, My Confession 《懺悔錄》, he argued that a prerequisite for the betterment of the society is to improve the personality and quality of citizens. ("今日無論何等方面，自以改革為第一要義", 要改革國家). Education Although Huang achieved a good result in the Imperial Examination himself, he was highly critical of the system. Instead, he stated that after the collapse of the Qing dynasty, the examination system should also eventually be removed. Although new examination systems and schools were immediately introduced to China following the collapse, there were still a large number of people who gained nothing in the old system and could not fit into the new one. Huang argued that these people would become a threat to society. Writing Before becoming a journalist Huang immersed himself in writing literature, as classical Chinese literature was still popular in the late Qing dynasty. He was known for writing fluently, with major use of rhetoric and allusion. However, Huang realized that news articles should be comprehensible enough to be read by many people and that the use of classical Chinese language might obstruct the flow of expression. He therefore decided to change his style of writing. By writing in simple and colloquial language, Huang's articles magnified his critical and satirical attitude. == Mystery of his death ==

Huang was assassinated while visiting San Francisco, United States on Christmas Day, 25 December 1915, at the age of 30. The circumstances of Huang's death remain a mystery, not only because there was political instability in China, but also because he was assassinated in San Francisco, far from his home. As a result, there are several possible explanations for the incident. There were two versions of the story of the murder of Huang. One possibility is that Huang was shot by a killer sent by Yuan Shikai as payback for Huang's opposition to Yuan's monarchic system. Another version was that he was mistakenly assassinated by Liu Beihai (), a member of the Zhonghua Revolutionary Party (), which was later known as the Nationalist Party (). The Party suspected that Huang was indeed working for Yuan, and his purpose for visiting the U.S. was to promote the monarchic system. However, there is still not enough evidence to prove that Huang's death was related to Yuan, even today. The date of Huang's assassination has also been called into some doubt. In the introduction of Yuansheng yi zhu 《遠生遺著》, a posthumous collection of Huang's articles, Lin Zhijun () recalled that he had heard the news on the night of 27 December 1915, and gives this date as the day of Huang's death. However, some scholars, including Li Shengduo (), believed that Huang was indeed killed on 25 December, as the date the news came did not necessarily have to be the day of the assassination. Therefore, generally, it has been accepted that the date of Huang's death was 25 December 1915. ==See also==