Human rights in Botswana

The constitution of Botswana addresses human rights principles such as freedom of speech, Freedom of assembly and the right to life. == Civil and political rights ==

Political freedom Botswana has a dominant-party system in which the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) won every parliamentary election since independence until 2024. Elections in Botswana are recognised as free and fair, and there are no legal restrictions against opposition parties, but the opposition alleges that the BDP has access to unfair electoral advantages while it is in power. Speech and expression The media landscape of Botswana is dominated by state media. Independent journalism is heavily regulated, and independent journalists have been arrested or harassed by the government on multiple occasions. Insulting the nation of Botswana, its associated symbols, or any public official is illegal and subject to a fine. Freedom of assembly is subject to government approval. Due process and punishment The Constitution of Botswana prohibits arbitrary detention, and detained individuals are entitled to legal representation. Most law enforcement comply with these requirements, but the Directorate of Intelligence and Security Services unlawfully detained political opponents in at least two instances in 2022. The government only provides free legal representation for capital crimes. Customary tribal courts do not offer the same legal protections as government courts, though they are popular with the public. The independence of the judiciary is generally upheld. The Botswana Defence Force has been criticised for its aggressive actions against suspected poachers, including a shoot-to-kill order from 2013 to 2018. Prison conditions in Botswana meet international standards, and prison officials are held responsible for inhumane conditions. The government of Botswana has been criticised by human rights groups for some of its criminal penalties, including capital punishment and corporal punishment. Labour rights The right to unionise is protected for all workers except for police, military, and prison workers, and union activity is protected for registered unions. Unregistered unions do not receive the same protections. Strike action is legally protected for all industries except aviation, health, electrical, water and sanitation, fire, and air traffic control services, though significant restrictions are applied and strikes are only allowed under limited circumstances. The government guarantees a minimum wage for all workers. As of 2022, this is 7.22 pula ($0.56 USD) per hour. Work hours are limited to 48 hours per week before overtime pay is required. ==Discrimination==

Indigenous people Many of the indigenous San people have been forcibly relocated from their land onto reservations. To make them relocate, they were denied from accessing water from their land and faced arrest if they hunted, which was their primary source of food. Their lands lie in the middle of the world’s richest diamond field. Officially, the government denies that there is any link to mining and claims the relocation is to preserve the wildlife and ecosystem, even though the San people have lived sustainably on the land for millennia. He also expressed, “Many minority children living in remote areas of the country are torn from their families and forced to stay in boarding school hostels, sometimes hundreds of kilometres away from their communities; they may be taught in a language they do not yet speak, with over-burdened care-givers not familiar with their culture, and often lacking material and emotional support. This form of institutionalisation leads to forced assimilation that has a serious negative impact on the performance in school of many, if not most, of these children, and often forces them to drop out, at a heavy personal and social cost. Less intrusive and harmful approaches to providing education for these children, particularly those of a very young age, must be explored and put into force.” Botswana's sodomy laws were unanimously overturned by the High Court of Botswana on 11 June 2019. Prior to this, it was a crime to engage in "carnal knowledge of any person against the order of nature" or "acts of gross indecency". In the same ruling, it was determined that sex-based legal protections also applied to sexual orientation. It was made illegal to fire an employee on the basis of sexual orientation in 2010. Women's rights The issue of women's rights was prominent in the 1980s and 1990s, often referred to as the time "when women started talking". Emang Basadi was the most prominent Botswanan women's rights organisation during this period, focusing at first on challenging laws that limited women's rights and later on political education for women. The Botswana Caucus for Women in Politics was formed by Emang Basadi in 1997 to take over these responsibilities, but it has not seen the same level of activity. Attorney General of Botswana v. Unity Dow was a landmark case in Botswana women's rights, in which Unity Dow challenged the Botswanan nationality law that only allowed citizenship to be inherited paternally. The Woman's Affairs Department is the government agency responsible for addressing women's issues. It has been criticised by women's activists for being ineffectual. As of 2010, Botswana and Swaziland were the only countries in southern Africa not to have a women's issues agency at the department level. ==Historical situation==

The following chart shows Botswana's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free". ==International treaties==

Botswana's stances on international human rights treaties are as follows: == See also ==