Uppland U 153 This runestone in
style Pr3 is one of the
runestones in Hagby. It was discovered in 1930 in the basement under the main building of the old estate Lissby which had been demolished in the late 19th century. It had been inserted in the basement wall with the engraved side visible together with the runestones
U 152 and
U 154. When the basement collapsed, the runestone was splintered into a great number of minor and major pieces of which the top part was the largest one. A fragment of the stone was discovered in the field on the property of Lissby. All in all, no less than 70 pieces were reassembled, and in 1931, the repaired stone was raised in the garden of Hagby. The stone is in granite and it is 2.60 m tall and 1.5 m wide. The inscription is damaged and especially in its beginning and end. It refers to several stones and one of them was probably the runestone
U 155. The last runes may be reconstructed as either '''''' ('in ', i.e. 'in the lands of
Rus'') or '''''' ('among Greeks', i.e. 'in the
Byzantine Empire'). The inscription reads:
U 154 This runestone in
style Pr3 and it is one of the
runestones in Hagby. It was discovered together with U 151 and U 153 in a collapsed basement under the eastern part of the foundation of the main building of the farm Lissby. When it was discovered, it was still standing but it had been crushed and it crumbled into 50 pieces when it was removed from the wall. It was reassembled but the upper part had been lost and could not be retrieved. In 1931, it was raised in the garden of Hagby. The stone is dark and it is 1.23 m tall and 0.3 m wide. The inscription is damaged in several places. The inscription reads:
U 209 This is not properly a runestone but a runic inscription in
style Pr4 that has been carved into flat bedrock at Veda. It is dated to the mid-11th century. It was ordered by Þorsteinn who enriched himself in the lands of
Rus' in memory of his son.
Omeljan Pritsak identifies this Þorsteinn with Þorsteinn, the former commander of a retinue, who is commemorated on the
Turinge Runestone. He suggests that Þorsteinn was the commander of the retinue of
Yaroslav the Wise and that his son Erinmundr may have died in
Garðaríki while serving under his father. The estate that was bought was probably the farm Veda, where the inscription is located. The inscription is of note as it indicates that
the riches that were acquired in Eastern Europe had led to the new procedure of legally buying
odal land. The inscription reads:
U 283 This runestone was located at the estate of Torsåker but it has disappeared. It was presumably in
style Pr3 and made by the
runemaster Fot. It was raised by three men in memory of a fourth who had died in the east. The inscription reads:
U 366 This runestone was found as fragments at Gådersta and has disappeared but it was probably in
style Pr4. It was raised in memory of a man who died on the eastern route. The inscription reads:
U 504 This runestone is an early inscription in
style RAK without ornamentations. It is located in Ubby and it was raised in memory of a father who had travelled both in the west and in the east. The inscription reads:
U 636 This stone is found at Låddersta and it is in the
style Fp. It is raised in memory of a son named Arnfast who travelled to
Garðaríki. Arnfast is also mentioned on the stone U 635. There are two readings of ''''''. One interpretation is that it means "to " or "to ", i.e. "to the lands of
Rus'". In runic inscriptions, however, that
toponym always appears in the plural dative form, suggesting that the singular form '''''' may have referred to a particular town , i.e. either to
Constantinople or to
Kiev. The inscription reads:
U 687 This stone, signed by the
runemaster Öpir, is found at Sjusta near
Skokloster. It is in
style Pr4 and it is raised by a woman named Rúna in memory of her four sons who had died. She had it made together with her daughter-in-law Sigríðr who was the widow of Spjallboði. They added that the place where Spjallboði had died was '''''', and several scholars have discussed the meaning of these runes. In 1875,
Richard Dybeck suggested that '''''' represented Old Norse meaning 'Greece', but in 1891
Sophus Bugge read , which means 'retinue'. Later, in 1904,
Adolf Noreen interpreted them as '''''', meaning 'hook', but in 1907,
Otto von Friesen proposed that the runes read '''''', i.e. 'in
Saint Olaf's Church in Novgorod'. Otto von Friesen's interpretation has since then been the accepted interpretation.
Omeljan Pritsak suggests that Spjallboði died in a fire that destroyed the church in c. 1070–1080. Jansson, on the other hand, attributes the death of Spjallboði in a church to the fact that many of the medieval churches were defensive structures. The runic text is signed by the
runemaster Öpir, who was active during the late 11th and early 12th centuries in
Uppland. The inscription reads:
U 898 This is not properly a runestone but a runic inscription on flat bedrock at Norby. It is in
style Pr4 and it is raised in memory of three men, one of whom died in the East. The runic text is signed by the runemaster Öpir. The inscription reads:
Södermanland Sö 33 This runestone is located in Skåäng and it is the
style Fp. It was raised in memory of a man who died in an assembly in the east. It is also possible that it says that the man died in a retinue in the east. The inscription reads:
Sö 34 This runestone is located at a path called Tjuvstigen ('thief trail') and is carved in runestone style KB. This is the classification for inscriptions with a cross that is bordered by the runic text. The runic text states that it was raised in memory of two brothers who were or 'good
thegns', which was a class of retainer, and who died somewhere in the East. This same phrase is used in its singular form on runestones
Vg 8 from Hjälstad and
DR 143 from Gunderup. About fifty memorial runestones describe the deceased as being a thegn. The inscription reads:
Sö 92 This runestone is found at the cemetery of Husby. Its front side is completely covered in illustrations and it is attributed to
style Pr3-Pr4. It was carved by the
runemaster Balle in memory of someone's brother who died in the East. The inscription reads:
Sö 121 This runestone has disappeared but was located in Bönestad. It was made in the
style RAK in memory of a man who died in the East. The inscription reads:
Sö 126 This runestone is a runic inscription on flat bedrock in Fagerlöt. It is in the
style Pr2-Pr3 and it was made in memory of a man named Áskell who fell in battle in the East. The second sentence of the inscription is in the meter
fornyrðislag, and it contains a virtually unique use of the
Old Norse word ('cruel') in the sense "commander". Áskell's title may be the title that the commander had in the
druzhina of
Yaroslav I the Wise in
Novgorod. The inscription reads:
Sö 130 This runestone is found near a homestead named Hagstugan. It is either
style Fp or possibly
style Pr1 and it is raised in memory of a man who fell in what is today Russia. It is composed in
fornyrðislag and the last line, which contains
cipher runes, was decoded by
Elias Wessén. It is from the first half of the 11th century. The inscription reads:
Sö 148 This runestone is found in Innberga and it was raised in memory of a man who died in what is today Russia. It is dated to the first half of the 11th century. The inscription reads:
Sö 171 that has preserved the message of the runic inscription This runestone is a boulder that was found in Esta, and it was made in memory of the captain of a ship who died in
Novgorod. The boulder is badly damaged due to weathering, but thanks to a 17th-century drawing scholars know what it said. Three parts of the stone are located in the
Swedish Museum of National Antiquities in
Stockholm. According to Jansson, the runestone testifies to the unrest that could appear in the important marketplace of Novgorod, and it was not only the captain who died, but also the entire crew.
Omeljan Pritsak, on the other hand, thinks that the deceased had probably died in the service of the
Novgorodian prince in the first half of the 11th century. The second half of the inscription is in the
fornyrðislag meter. The inscription reads:
Sö 216 This runestone was found as a fragment in Aska, but it has disappeared. What remained said that it was made in memory of a man who died in the East. The inscription reads:
Sö 308 This runestone is a runic inscription by the
runemaster Öpir in the
style Pr5 on a large boulder. It is located outside the railroad station in
Södertälje. It was made in memory of two men who were in the east. The runic text is signed by the runemaster Öpir, and uses a
bind rune to combine the a-rune and s-rune in the word '''''', which is tentatively translated as ('east'). Öpir used the same '''''' bind rune in inscription
U 485 in Marma. The inscription reads:
Sö 338 This is a runestone raised in the church of Turinge. It is in sandstone, in the
style Pr4 and it was made in memory of the chieftain of a warband. It is the most verbose of all the Varangian stones, and it was probably made in the mid-11th century.
Omeljan Pritsak identifies this Þorsteinn with Þorsteinn of the
Veda inscription, who bought an estate for his son with money earned in the lands of
Rus'. He suggests that Þorsteinn was the commander of the retinue of
Yaroslav I the Wise and that his son Erinmundr may have died in
Garðaríki while serving under his father. The inscription reads:
Västmanland Vs 1 This runestone was discovered in 1938 in the ruins of the church of Stora Rytterne. It forms a monument together with
image stone Vs 2, and it was raised in memory of a son who died either in what is today Russia or in
Khwarezm in
Persia. Jansson, who was the first scholar to publish an analysis of the inscription, suggested in 1940 that '
was a misspelling for ' (, 'in
Gardariki'). However, in 1946, he discovered that it may refer to Khwarezm in
Central Asia. He proposed that it may be one of the
Ingvar Runestones and that it tells where the Ingvar expedition ultimately ended in 1041. The
archaeologist Ture J. Arne criticized this analysis claiming that although a Viking chieftain could arrive to the Caspian Sea in 922, when Vikings met
Ibn Fadlan, such a voyage would not have been possible in the 1040s. Arne instead accepted Jansson's first analysis of the inscription. The
Rundata project retains Khwarezm as an equal possibility, and
Omeljan Pritsak notes that ''''
agrees with *qarus-m'' which is what the
Middle Turkic form of Khwarezm would have been. Moreover, Pritsak notes that Arne was wrong in his claim that it would have been impossible for Ingvar to go to Kwarezm at the time. On the contrary, there were no obstacles for such a voyage during the period 1035–1041. The inscription is somewhat unusual in that the sponsor's name '''''', which is the first word in the inscription, is preceded and followed by a cross, perhaps done to draw attention. The inscription reads:
Vs Fv1988;36 This runestone is carved in runestone style Fp and was raised in memory of Grímmundr who travelled to the east. It was discovered in 1986 at Jädra near
Västerås, when stones were removed from a field. It is a lightly reddish stone which is granular and finely textured. The surface of the inscription is even but it is damaged due to flaking, making parts of the inscription difficult to read. It is 2.27 m tall, 0.9 m wide and 0.33 m thick. It is of note that the inscription when discovered still carried traces of its original colouring, which was determined to be of
iron oxide but without any noticeable traces of binding material. The nuance appears to have been the same the one used by the Department of Runes when repainting runes in modern days. The stone is of historic note as it mentions the construction of a bridge on the old trail from Badelunda and lake
Mälaren to the district of
Dalarna. The Rundata designation for this Västmanland inscription, Vs Fv1988;36, refers to the year and page number of the issue of
Fornvännen in which the runestone was first described. The inscription reads:
Östergötland Ög 8 The Kälvesten stone in
Östergötland is dated to the 9th century. It is the oldest inscription that mentions a Viking chieftain leading an expedition eastwards, and many other chieftains would follow in his wake. Unfortunately, it does not tell the exact destination of the Viking expedition. In the inscription, the runes
aukrimulfʀ are to be read as
auk krimulfʀ and the
k rune, , thus represents two letters at the same time. The runes represent the common Norse name
Grímulfr, which was in use all over
Scandinavia. It is of note that the name appears in such an old runestone as the other runic attestations of the name are considerably younger, and the name was common in medieval
Norway. The name of the deceased, Eyvindr, is a common name in Swedish runic inscriptions, but not Eivísl, the name of the chieftain of the expedition. The only other secure attestation appears on the contemporary
Sparlösa Runestone in
Västergötland. Since the name appears on two runestones from roughly the same time and in two districts that were
culturally closely connected, the name may refer to the same person on the two runestones. Unfortunately, the Sparlösa Runestone is damaged in several places and although it mentions a battle and although there are images like birds hovering above the rigging of a ship, scholars cannot be certain that it refers to a chieftain who had fallen in battle. The identification between the name Eivísl on the two runestones will remain a hypothesis. The inscription reads:
Ög 30 This runestone is found at Skjorstad. It is in the
style Fp and it was raised in memory of a man named Ingvarr who died in the East. The inscription reads:
Västergötland Vg 135 This runestone has disappeared but was found in the village of Hassla. It was in the
style RAK and it was raised in memory of a brother who died on the eastern route. The inscription reads:
Vg 184 This runestone was raised in the cemetery of the church of Smula, but has been moved to the grounds of
Dagsnäs Castle. It is carved in the
style Fp and it is raised in memory of a brother who died as a warrior in the east. He may have been a member of the
Varangian Guard. The inscription reads:
Vg 197 This runestone is raised on the cemetery of the church of Dalum. It was raised in memory of a two brothers, one of whom died in the west while the other one died in the east. The inscription reads:
Öland Öl 28 (58) This runestone is raised on the cemetery of
Gårdby and it is raised in memory of a man who either stayed in what is today Russia or in a nearby location. It is dated to the period 1020–1050. The inscription reads:
Gotland There are only about ten runestones on
Gotland that commemorate men who died in foreign lands, which appears to challenge the common view that the island was "
the international trade center of the
Viking Age". Four of these runestones mention East European place names.
G 114 This runestone refers to a man who was in a place called
karþum. One view holds that the place name is , i.e.
Garðaríki (the lands of
Rus'), and another view is that the name refers to
Garda Parish not far from the stone.
Omeljan Pritsak holds the first view to be the correct one, since having been to a neighbouring parish hardly merits a mention on a runestone. It is probably from the first half of the 11th century. The inscription reads:
G 134 The stones G 134 and
G 135 tell about the same family, and there is also an additional runestone about the same people, G 136. These runestones tell of a common situation for Scandinavian families in the 11th century: one son was killed through treason in the South, possibly as a member of the
Varangian Guard, and another son died in Vindau (
Ventspils,
Latvia). The men who betrayed Hróðfúss were according to the runestone
blökumenn ('black men') and most scholars interpret them as
Walachians, but others, such as
Omeljan Pritsak, argue in favour of a theory that they were
Polovtsians. This theory was proposed in 1929 by Akeksej I. Sobolevskij, and he suggested that was connected to a Central European name for the
Kipchak (Qipčaq) Polovcians (Qūmans), which was
Blawen,
Blauen and a translation of the Slavic
Plavci. All the Old Norse information on the date to the period 1016–1017 in the case of
Eymundar þáttr and to 1122 concerning the Berroa battle (''Saint Olaf's miracles''), but the first mention of the Wallachians is in
Niketas Choniates' and it concerns an event in 1164. Moreover, Pritsak notes that ON also had the meaning 'pale' which designated the first ruling horde of the Kipchaks who were one of the most important nomadic peoples in the 11th and 12th centuries. The inscription reads:
G 220 This runestone is found in a museum in Gotland. It is a fragment of a runestone made of limestone and it was made in memory of a man who died in
Novgorod. The inscription testifies to the intense contacts that existed between Gotland and Novgorod, where the Gotlanders had a trading station of their own. The inscription reads:
G 280 This runestone was found in Pilgårds, but is now located in a museum on Gotland. It was dated to the last half of the 10th century by
Wolfgang Krause. The runestone was raised in memory of men led by Vífil who navigated the
Dniepr cataracts, and tried to pass the most dangerous of them, the
Nenasytec', the of
Constantine Porphyrogenitus (
Eifor). When they arrived at
Rvanyj Kamin (Rufstain'), Rafn was killed and the crew raised stones in his memory south of it. The inscription reads: ==Denmark==