Self-funded scientists practiced more commonly
from the Renaissance until the late 19th century, including the
Victorian era, especially in
England, before large-scale government and corporate funding was available. Many early fellows of the
Royal Society in
London were independent scientists.
Modern Modern-day independent scientists who fund their own research on an independent basis include, for example,
Stephen Wolfram who funds his research through the sale of
Mathematica software,
Julian Barbour,
Aubrey de Grey,
Barrington Moore,
Susan Blackmore,
James Lovelock, Mitchell went on to win the
Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1978. Chemist
Luis Leloir funded the research institute he headed, the
Institute for Biochemical Research, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1970. There are today several virtual research institutes for independent scientists, including the
Ronin Institute and the
National Coalition of Independent Scholars. ==Notable examples==