Estate on death For IHT purposes, a person's estate includes: • The aggregate of all the property, other than excluded property and specified interests in possession, to which he is beneficially entitled; • Beneficial entitlement includes the general power to dispose or charge money on any property; • Except where otherwise provided, the person's liabilities must be taken into account, but it does not include liability with respect to any other tax that may arise on the transfer, and a liability incurred by a transferor shall be taken into account only to the extent that it was incurred for a consideration in money or money's worth. Excluded property comprises: • Property situated outside the United Kingdom, where the person beneficially entitled to it is an individual domiciled outside the United Kingdom; • Decorations and awards granted for valour or gallant conduct, and which have never been the subject of a disposition for a consideration in money or money's worth; and • Certain specified securities. Relief is also granted, where the value of the estate is reduced with respect to specified business property, agricultural property, woodlands, certain transfers made within three years of death made at a diminished value, and certain other cases.
Chargeable transfers before death Deductions will be made from an estate's
nil rate band with respect to transfers of value made in excess of specified limits, other than "potentially exempt transfers" made more than seven years before the transferor's death. Transfers of value made within specified limits are known as "exempt transfers". Transfers of value will also include gifts arising from the amount by which an asset is sold for less than it could have been sold on the open market, as for a sale from a parent to a child. Gifts can also arise where: • a lease is granted at less than full market rent, shares in a private company are rearranged, rights in such shares are altered, or there has been agreement to act as a guarantor for someone else's debts • transfers of value, at a loss to the donor, have been made to certain trusts • premiums have been paid on a life insurance policy for the benefit of someone else • the deceased ceased to have a right to a benefit from a trust or settlement Where the value of such transfers exhausts the amount available to the nil rate band, IHT is assessed on the excess amount, to which the recipients of such transfers bear the liability to pay.
Types of estates exempt from IHT For deaths occurring on or after 1 September 2006, the following estates are effectively excepted from liability for IHT:
Rate of tax Tax is assessed at 40% of the net value of the estate, after application of the
nil rate band. There are several options available for estates to be able to achieve that threshold, such as having the will specifying relevant gifts in terms of percentages of assets, or successors executing a
deed of variation to attain the desired result.
Nil-rate band The Chancellor of the Exchequer's Autumn Statement on 9 October 2007 announced that with immediate effect inheritance tax allowances (often referred to as the nil-rate band) were to be transferable between married couples and between
civil partners. Thus, for the 2007/8 tax year, a married couple will in effect have an allowance of £600,000 against inheritance tax, whilst a single person's allowance remains at £300,000. The mechanism for this enhanced allowance is that on the death of the second spouse to die, the nil rate band for the second spouse is increased by the percentage of the nil-rate band which was not used on the death of the first spouse to die. For the 2026/27 tax year, the nil-rate band is £325,000 per individual and the residence nil-rate band is £175,000. This means a married couple or civil partners have a combined nil-rate band of £1,000,000. In the 2024 Autumn Budget, it was announced this would be frozen until 2030/31. For example, if in 2007/08 the first married spouse (or civil partner) to die were to leave £120,000 to their children and the rest of their estate to their spouse, there would be no inheritance tax due at that time and £180,000 or 60% of the nil-rate band would be unused. Later, upon the second death the nil-rate band would be 160% of the allowance for a single person, so that if the surviving spouse also died in 2007/08 the first £480,000 (160% of £300,000) of the surviving spouse's estate would be exempt from inheritance tax. If the surviving spouse died in a later year when the nil-rate band had reached £350,000, the first £560,000 (160% of £350,000) of the estate would be tax exempt. This measure was also extended to existing
widows,
widowers and bereaved civil partners on 9 October 2007. If their late spouse or partner had not used all of their inheritance tax allowance at the time of the spouse's death, then the unused percentage of that allowance can now be added to the single person's allowance when the surviving spouse or partner dies. This applies irrespective of the date on which the first spouse died, but special rules apply if the surviving spouse remarries. In a judgement following an unsuccessful appeal to a 2006 decision by the
European Court of Human Rights, it was held that the above does not apply to siblings living together. The crucial factor in such cases was determined to be the existence of a public undertaking, carrying with it a body of rights and obligations of a contractual nature, rather than the length or supportive nature of the relationship. Prior to this legislative change, the most common means of ensuring that both nil-rate bands were used was called a nil band discretionary trust (now more properly known as NRB Relevant Property Trust). This is an arrangement in both wills which says that whoever is the first to die leaves their nil band to a discretionary
trust for the family, and not to the survivor. The survivor can still benefit from those assets if needed, but they are not part of that survivor's estate. As the Government seeks not to profit from the death of those who (a) gave their lives in military service, or (b) died from the results of a wound, injury, or disease associated with that military service, that the estates of such servicemen and women are exempt, totally, from any Inheritance Tax regardless of the value of the estate even if it amounts to millions of pounds, and that that exemption is then transferable to the serviceman's or servicewoman's widow or widower. That they do qualify as at (a) or (b) may be certified by application to the British MOD "Joint Casualty and Compassionate Centre" (JCCC). The JCCC then inform the HMRC of that decision. The exemption does not apply to ex-servicemen or servicewomen who die from other causes unrelated to their military service.
Additional nil rate band on main residence In the summer budget of 2015 a new measure was outlined to reduce the burden of IHT for some estates by providing additional tax-free allowances in cases where the family home passed to direct descendants. This measure, called the Residence Nil-Rate Band (RNRB) came into effect upon the passage of the Finance (No. 2) Act 2015, and provided for the following scheduled amounts: • £100,000 for the 2017-18 tax year • £125,000 for the 2018-19 tax year • £150,000 for the 2019-20 tax year • £175,000 for the 2020-21 tax year and until 5 April 2028. The Finance Act 2016 provided further relief in cases where all or part of the additional band could be lost, where a person had downsized to a less valuable residence or had ceased to own a residence after 8 July 2015 (and before the person has died). This is conditional upon the deceased having left that smaller residence, or assets of equivalent value, to direct descendants. These are defined as
lineal descendants, spouses or civil partners of such lineal descendants, or former spouses or civil partners who have not become anyone else's spouse or civil partner. The House of Commons Library has noted that the introduction of the RNRB means that a married couple leaving a residence to direct descendants can leave up to £900,000 tax-free between them (as of the 2018/19 tax year), with this tax-free amount rising to £1 million by April 2020. This tax-free allowance is diminished for estates worth more than £2 million. the
Finance Act 2004 introduced a retrospective
income tax regime known as
pre-owned asset tax (POAT) which covers transactions not made at
arm's length, where a person either: • disposes of a property, or • contributes funds to another person to acquire a property, and then subsequently benefits from its use. The person liable for POAT may, while he is still alive, elect on a timely basis to have such transactions treated as gifts with reservations (thus subject to IHT) with respect to such transactions made in a given tax year.
Controversy In 2002,
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother left her estate (estimated at £50 million) to her daughter Elizabeth II, including works of art, jewels, antiques and her thoroughbred racehorses. A deal that had been made in 1993 ensured that The Queen was spared inheritance tax of an estimated £20 million on her mother's estate. In 2016 published letters and a prominent article in
The Guardian by a leading accountant supported by Labour Party leader
Jeremy Corbyn criticised the tax-exempt arrangements of many of the largest landowners and the most
capital-endowed. They advocated reform of tax on such wealth and for transparency of trusts, namely: • Publication of the annual accounts of all trusts (as currently applicable to charitable UK trusts) • A compulsory register of trusts. • An extension of the taxed lifetime chargeable trusts regime to cover such entities as overseas-based fixed and
discretionary trusts and companies with UK assets. • Consideration of taxation of the largest valuable interests
appointed or advanced (paid or part-paid) by trust or other entity away to new beneficiaries (presumably exempting usual reliefs such as spousal,
bona fide business, charity or agricultural). This critique followed the death of
Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster, whose significant at-death loose "interests", the benefit of which his children by trustees' discretion perhaps receive, demonstrate suspected tax savings. The unpublished size of the late Duke's death estate was thought to be comparable to the valuation of the family-related landholdings of £9 billion. Critics claim inheritance tax impacts more on the living standards of the
middle class and less on
plutocrats and the
super rich. Had the estate been held personally rather than in trust, commentators estimated a potential IHT liability of approximately £4 billion. Since 2006, tax of 20% must be paid on assets in excess of the Nil-Rate Band entering most UK non-death trusts. Periodic charges of between 0% and 6% are also due on the total value of the trust every 10 years. This regime is intended to ensure that assets held in trust bear a broadly equivalent tax burden over time to assets passing on death. == See also ==