During the period from 1850 to 1930 many types of institutions were created by public subscription,
Parliament and
local authorities to provide
housing,
healthcare,
education, and financial support for individuals in need. At the upper end of the scale, public boarding schools such as
Eton and
Harrow were founded or greatly extended to meet the growing demand for the education of the children of those in
colonial service overseas. These were seen as models of social improvement, and many inferior imitations followed for the lower social orders. Virtually every
borough in the UK was required by legislation to make provision for paupers, homeless, released prisoners, convicted criminals, orphans, disabled war veterans, older people with no means of support, deaf and blind schools, schools and colonies for those with learning disabilities or
mental health problems. Distinguishing features of such institutions were frequently, but not exclusively: • communal dormitories • communal kitchens and dining facilities • rural, isolated locations • restrictions on personal liberty and possessions • uniforms • oppressive, authoritarian regimes • strict systems of rules and codes of conduct • boards of visitors or trustees, usually drawn from the ranks of the upper middle classes, the so-called "great and good" • hierarchical systems of management • compulsory religious attendance • involvement of inmates as unpaid or poorly rewarded labour in return for small privileges • widespread abuse of
human rights,
dignity • rigid separation of the sexes • excessive reliance on medication and physical restraints Many of these organisations, whilst originally expressing idealistic aspirations and aims, became "total" institutions within a generation or two of their foundation, providing in some cases cradle-to-grave housing, occupation and social control. Founding charters usually proclaimed beneficial outcomes of "reform" (or rehabilitation) of character through moral and occupation education and discipline, but in practice inmates were often trapped in a system that provided no obvious route of escape or promotion. As late as the 1950s, in
Britain, several hundred thousand people lived in
Victorian asylums and "colonies". ==See also==