Ireland was not invited to join the United Nations when it was formed in 1945. Both Washington and London were opposed because of Ireland's neutrality during the war. Ireland applied in 1946 and the US and UK voted approval, but the Soviet Union vetoed it. Ireland was finally admitted to the UN in 1955. It joined the
European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973; it is now known as the
European Union (EU). In 1974 it began the Irish Aid programme to provide assistance to developing countries. In 1991 it established the Irish Institute of International and European Affairs to conduct research and analysis on international and European affairs. In 1992 the
Irish Refugee Council began as a humanitarian advocate for the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in Ireland.
United Kingdom Since at least the 12th century Ireland, as a result of military conquest, has had political connections with the United Kingdom and its predecessor states, with the whole island becoming a part of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1801 to 1922. From the time Ireland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1922, the two countries have been involved in a dispute over the status of
Northern Ireland.
Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland formerly claimed Northern Ireland as a part of the
"national territory", though in practice the Irish government did recognise the UK's jurisdiction over the region. From the onset of
the Troubles in 1969, the two governments sought to bring the violence to an end. The
Sunningdale Agreement of 1973 and the
Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985 were important steps in this process. In 1998, both
states signed the
Good Friday Agreement and now co-operate closely to find a solution to the region's problems.
Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland were amended as part of this agreement, the territorial claim being replaced with a statement of aspiration to unite the people of the island of Ireland. As part of the Good Friday Agreement, the states also ended their
dispute over their respective names:
Ireland and the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Each agreed to accept and use the others' correct name. When
the Troubles were raging in Northern Ireland, the
Irish Government sought, with mixed success, to prevent the import of weapons and ammunition through its territory by illegal paramilitary organisations for use in their conflict with the security forces in Northern Ireland. In 1973 three ships of the
Irish Naval Service intercepted a ship carrying weapons from
Libya which were probably destined for
Irish Republican paramilitaries. Law enforcement acts such as these additionally improved relations with the government of the United Kingdom. However, the independent judiciary blocked a number of attempts to extradite suspects between 1970 and 1998 on the basis that their crime might have been 'political' and thus contrary to
international law at the time. Ireland is one of the parties to the
Rockall continental shelf dispute that also involves Denmark,
Iceland, and the United Kingdom. Ireland and the United Kingdom have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area. However, neither has concluded similar agreements with Iceland or Denmark (on behalf of the
Faroe Islands) and the matter remains under negotiation. Iceland now claims a substantial area of the
continental shelf to the west of Ireland, to a point 49°48'N 19°00'W, which is further south than Ireland. The controversial
Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in north-western England has also been a contentious issue between the two governments. The Irish government has sought the closure of the plant, taking a case against the UK government under the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. However, the
European Court of Justice found that the case should have been dealt with under EU law. In 2006, however, both countries came to a friendly agreement which enabled both the
Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland and the
Garda Síochána (Irish Police Force) access to the site to conduct investigations.
United States The United States recognised the
Irish Free State on 28 June 1924 with diplomatic relations being established on 7 October 1924. In 1927, the United States opened an American Legation in Dublin. Due to the ancestral ties between the two countries, Ireland and the US have a strong relationship, both politically and economically, with the US being Ireland's biggest trading partner since 2000. Ireland also receives more
foreign direct investment from the US than many larger nations, with investments in Ireland equal to
France and
Germany combined and, in 2012, more than all of developing Asia put together. The use of
Shannon Airport as a stop-over point for
US forces en route to
Iraq has caused domestic controversy in Ireland. Opponents of this policy brought an unsuccessful
High Court case against the government in 2003, arguing that this use of Irish airspace violated
Irish neutrality. Restrictions such as carrying no arms, ammunition, or explosives, and that the flights in question did not form part of military exercises or operations were put in place to defend Irish neutrality, however, allegations have been made against the
Central Intelligence Agency that the airport has been used between 30 and 50 times for illegal
extraordinary rendition flights to the U.S. without the knowledge of the Irish Government, despite diplomatic assurances by the US that Irish airspace would not be used for transport of detainees. In July 2006, the former Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Dermot Ahern voiced concern over the
2006 Lebanon War. A shipment of bombs being sent to
Israel by the United States was banned using Irish airspace or airfields. In 1995 a decision was made by the U.S. government to appoint a
Special Envoy to Northern Ireland to help with the
Northern Ireland peace process. During the
2008 presidential campaign in the United States, however, Democratic Party candidate
Barack Obama was reported as having questioned the necessity to keep a US Special Envoy for Northern Ireland. His remarks caused an uproar within the Republican Party, with Senator
John McCain questioning his leadership abilities and his commitment to the ongoing peace process in Northern Ireland. ,
Geraldine Byrne Nason is the Irish ambassador to the United States while the position of U.S. ambassador to Ireland is held by
Edward Sharp Walsh.
China Ireland's official relationship with the People's Republic of China began on 22 June 1979. Following his visit to China in 1999, former
Taoiseach Bertie Ahern authorised the establishment of an Asia Strategy. This Strategy aimed to ensure that the Irish Government and Irish enterprise work coherently to enhance the important relationships between Ireland and Asia. Ireland has raised its concerns in the area of human rights with China on several occasions. On 12 May 2007, during a visit to Beijing, former
Taoiseach Brian Cowen (then Minister for Finance) discussed human rights issues with Chinese Foreign Minister
Li Zhaoxing. Former Tánaiste
Mary Coughlan also raised human rights issues and concerns with visiting Chinese Vice-Premier
Zeng Peiyan. ==Diplomatic relations==