Origins In the late 19th century residents in northern
British Ceylon started campaigning for the construction of a railway line linking the north to the south. The
Jaffna Railway Commission report, published in 1891, recommended the construction of a new railway line (now known as the
Northern Line) from
Polgahawela to
Kurunegala and a
survey of a line to
Jaffna. The line would join the
Main Line at Polgahawela Junction, allowing trains to run to the capital
Colombo. Approval was given in 1892 and the new line to Kurunegala opened on 14 February 1894. Approval was given in December 1897 for the construction of the
Northern Railway and an announcement was made in the
Legislative Council in October 1899 that authorisation had been given for the construction of a railway line connecting the north with Colombo.
Tenders for the construction of railway line from Kurunegala to
Kankesanthurai were called in January 1900 and construction of the new line started at Kurunegala in April 1900. The Chavakacheri-
Pallai section was opened on 5 September 1902. The
Northern Railway line up to
Anuradhapura was opened on 1 November 1904 and the construction of the line up to
Medawachchiya was completed on 11 March 1905. The journey took 13 hours and 20 minutes. The
single track line between Kankesanthurai and
Vavuniya had 16 stations and 12 sub-stations.
20th-century height An express train called
Yarl Devi was introduced on the Northern Line on 23 April 1956, cutting the journey time between Jaffna and Colombo to 7 hours. The service flourished and Jaffna became the second largest station in the country. The
Yarl Devi service was the largest revenue earner for Sri Lanka Railways. Eight passenger trains and six
freight trains operated daily between Jaffna and Colombo. By the early 1980s six thousand people travelled daily on the
Northern Line.
War and Closure The line's fortunes waned when the
civil war started in 1983 - the government increased the number of soldiers stationed in the north, many of whom used the line to return to their homes in the south. Thus the
Yarl Devi service became a target for
Tamil militants as it passed through areas they controlled. It was blown up by
Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization cadres near Murikandy,
Mullaitivu District on the night of 19 January 1985, killing 34 people including 22 soldiers and destroying the tracks. The service was attacked again on 25 March 1986 between
Puliyankulam and Vavuniya. The railway tracks were relaid by the
Indian Peace Keeping Force and in August 1987 the Jaffna-Colombo rail services resumed. However, the deteriorating security meant that only a few people used the service. After the IPKF withdrew from Sri Lanka in 1990 the
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam took over most of the territory the IPKF had controlled, including Jaffna. In the middle of 1990 the truce between the LTTE and Sri Lankan government broke down and
full-scale war erupted. Intense fighting took place in and around Jaffna as the
Sri Lankan military tried to regain control of the area. Hundreds of civilians fleeing the fighting took refuge in Jaffna Railway Station. The station was bombed by the
Sri Lanka Air Force (SLAF) on 9 August 1990, damaging 6 train carriages and killing eight people nearby. The station was bombed to a shell by the SLAF. On 13 June 1990 the Yarl Devi service rolled into Jaffna but it could not return to Colombo as the railway track had been destroyed (it would be the last rail service into Jaffna). The station was bombed again on 16 August 1990.
Reconstruction and reopening The
Sri Lankan government regained control of most of the
Jaffna Peninsula, including Jaffna, in 1995 but no effort was made to rebuild the
Northern Line or the stations along it. Following the end of the civil war in May 2009, the government initiated various projects to rebuild the
Northern Line from Vavuniya to Kankesanthurai. The line between Vavuniya and
Omanthai was rebuilt by the Sri Lankan military. Thandikulam Railway Station was re-opened on 6 June 2009 and Omanthai Railway Station was re-opened on 27 May 2011. The contract to reconstruct the line between Omanthai and Pallai was awarded to
Ircon International, the Indian state-owned engineering and construction company. The project was to cost
US$ 185 million and would be financed by a
soft loan from the
Indian government. In June 2011 an agreement was signed between Sri Lanka Railways and the
Bank of Ceylon for the reconstruction of Jaffna Railway Station. The project was to cost
LKR 89 million. In July 2011 it was announced that Ircon had also been awarded the contract to reconstruct the line between Pallai and Kankesanthurai. The project was to cost
US$ 150 million and would be financed by a loan from the
Export-Import Bank of India. The reconstruction of the entire Northern Line had been expected to be completed by the end of 2013. The line between Omanthai and
Kilinochchi was re-opened on 14 September 2013. The line between Kilinochchi and
Pallai was re-opened on 4 March 2014. The line between Pallai and Jaffna was re-opened on 13 October 2014. ==Services==