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James Printer

Wawaus, also known as "James Printer", was a Nipmuc leader from Hassanamesit, who experienced the incorporation and marginalization of his people in colonial Massachusetts. He is most commonly known for his work at the first printing press in the American colonies, yet like many Indigenous people during the 17th century in New England, was mistreated, abused, arrested, threatened, falsely imprisoned, and forced into exile on Deer Island in the Boston Harbor by the settlers. He helped produce the first Indian Bibles in the Massachusett language, which were used in part by the colonists for the cultural assimilation of Native Americans. He also set the type for books including the famous Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson.

Early life
Little is known of Wawaus's early years. He was born at Hassanamesit near what is now Grafton, Massachusetts, to a Nimuc named Naoas. Naoas was a convert of John Eliot and was a leading member of the Christian Native church in Hassanamesit. ==Education==
Education
Printer attended Harvard’s Indian College beginning in 1659. He worked as an apprentice to Samuel Green at his printing press. Through his apprenticeship he became an accomplished typesetter and Algonquian/English language translator. He lived and worked among the English settlers for nearly his entire lifetime. ==Printing career==
Printing career
Printer was the first Native American printer's devil in America. While other multilingual Native Americans contributed to the enormous project, Printer was said to have been the most accomplished interpreter who did the most work of any of the translators who created the Massachusett translation of the Bible. In addition to the Indian Bible, Printer helped to produce Indian Primers and two books of Psalms. Involved in the typesetting of the Cambridge editions of Mary Rowlandson's famous captivity narrative, A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, in which he appears as a minor character during Rowlandson's ransom negotiations. Printer worked as a typesetter for 16 years before the outbreak of King Philip's War. ==King Philip's War==
King Philip's War
Printer made a major contribution to American literature during King Philip's War while he worked as a scribe for King Philip, also known as Metacomet. The second letter is known to have been written by Printer during King Philip's War ==Later life==
Later life
After King Philip's War, Wawaus went back to Cambridge to work as a printer again. ==References==
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