Early years Jamiat "emerged" in 1972 from among "the informal Islamist groupings that had existed since the 1960s". Led by Burhanuddin Rabbani, a professor of Islamic theology at
Kabul University, it was inspired by
Abul A'la Maududi and his
Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan. When Rabbani's arrest was ordered by
Mohammad Daoud Khan in 1973, it was to Pakistan that Rabbani fled, and Jamaat-e-Islami who initially hosted him there. The two groups formed the two main tendencies of the Islamist movement in Afghanistan, and after the
April 1978 coup and the brutality of the invading Soviet Army, the two strongest Afghan mujahideen groups in the 1980s. Jamiat was dominated by Tajiks but had a greater `tribal and regional cross section` than other groups, Its leader, Hekmatyar, was "implacably hostile to any form of compromise" favouring violent armed conflict. As a result, Hezb-i Islami, and not Jamiat, gained the support of the
Muslim Brotherhood,
Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, and Saudi Arabian networks.
Soviet invasion After the
Soviet invasion in Afghanistan in 1979, Massoud organised a mujahideen group in
Parwan Province to fight against the Communist government and their Soviet allies. This group grew to control multiple provinces and include thousands of fighters. The Soviet Army launched a series of major offensives to attempt to destroy their forces, but they were unable to engage most of Massoud's men.
Battles between Jamiat and Hezb-i Islami After the
withdrawal of the Soviet troops in 1989, the mujahideen groups continued to wear down government forces. However they also fought among each other: in June 1990, battles between Jamiat and Gulbuddin's Hezb in
Logar and
Parwan caused hundreds of casualties on each side. In 1992, the communist government collapsed entirely. Jamiat's forces were among the first to enter
Kabul. Meanwhile, a peace and power-sharing agreement among the leadership of the Afghan political party leaders led to a tentative agreement to appoint Burhanuddin Rabbani, who had spent the civil war in exile, as interim president. The peace agreement was called the
Peshawar Accords.
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar however, did not support the peace agreement despite the fact that he was repeatedly offered the position of
prime minister. Subsequently, his
Hezb-i Islami attacked the new interim government and the capital of Kabul with tens of thousands of rockets. As
Hezb-i Wahdat and
Ittihad-i Islami started a second war in 1992 and Dostum's
Junbish-i Milli joined Hekmatyar in 1994, Kabul witnessed a gruesome war with massive civilian casualties and destruction of much of the city. In 1995 the Islamic State of Afghanistan government also with Jamiat forces retained control of Kabul, pushing back a coalition of Hekmatyar's
Hezb-i Islami, the
Hizb-i-Wahdat and
Abdul Rashid Dostum's
Jumbish-i-Milli Islami. By 1995, the
Taliban, which had seized control of much of southern Afghanistan with comparative ease the previous year, were advancing on Kabul. Jamiat rejected Taliban demands that they surrender, and the Taliban rejected Jamiat's offer to join a peaceful political process leading towards a general election. In March 1995, Massoud handed the Taliban their first major loss, however, with the aid of Saudi and Pakistani backing, they regrouped and launched and offensive in mid-1996. Massoud ordered the retreat of his troops among them Jamiat to avoid another bloodbath. Following the capture of Kabul by the Taliban, the major mujahideen factions put aside their feuds and formed the
United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (the United Front), commonly known in the west as the Northern Alliance, with Rabbani, officially becoming its political leader. Other Jamiat members took up senior positions within the United Front government:
Yunus Qanuni served as Interior Minister and
Dr. Abdullah became Foreign Minister, for example. On 9 September 2001, just two days before the
September 11 attacks in the United States, Massoud was assassinated by two suicide bombers, probably at the instigation of al-Qaeda. Immediately afterwards Taliban forces launched a major offensive against United Front positions. Mohammed Qasim Fahim was chosen to succeed Massoud as leader of Jamiat's military wing and repulsed the Taliban offensive. With extensive assistance from an American-led coalition in October and November 2001 (see
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)), United Front forces recaptured most of Afghanistan.
Post 2001 Jamiat's founder and leader, Burhanuddin Rabbani, was assassinated in 2011. His son,
Salahuddin Rabbani, has since led the party. The Jamiets were considered to be one of the largest and most influential parties during the
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan era. ==See also==