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Javier Milei 2023 presidential campaign

In the 2023 Argentine presidential election, Javier Milei and Victoria Villarruel were respectively elected president and vice president of Argentina, defeating peronists Sergio Massa and Agustín Rossi 55.7% to 44.3% of the votes. It was the highest percentage of the vote since Argentina's transition to democracy. Milei and Villarruel took office on 10 December 2023. Their victory represented a significant political upheaval in Argentina, challenging the traditional political dynamics and signaling a new era in Argentine politics characterized by radical changes and uncertainties. Milei's campaign and eventual victory in particular were subject to intense scrutiny and analysis both nationally and internationally, as he was variously described as a far-right populist, right-wing libertarian, ultraconservative, and political outsider by major news outlets across the globe, and compared to both Donald Trump and Jair Bolsonaro, among others.

Background
Milei began his political career in 2021, when he was elected to the position of national deputy (a member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies since December 2021) in Buenos Aires, representing La Libertad Avanza, which he leads. Other than that, he had no political experience and presented himself as an outsider and anti-establishment candidate. During his 2021 election campaign as a national deputy, Milei pledged not to raise taxes and was known to raffle his salary. As a national deputy, in line with his opposition to the state, Milei had several absences and did not present any projects, was not a member of any of the 46 commissions of the lower house, and participated little in the debates that took place. He supported some bills and resolutions of his colleagues, made questions, and voted against; through his monthly salary raffle, he returned more than seven million Argentine pesos. == Overview ==
Overview
Milei identifies with anarcho-capitalism and paleolibertarianism, while being for practical reasons a minarchist; he describes himself as a . During his political campaign, commentators categorized his ideological views as a blend of populist, right-wing libertarian, and conservative strands, along with ultraliberal economics, right-wing populist, ultraconservative, and far-right politics, and representing anti-politics. He has also been variously described as a far-right populist, far-right libertarian, and libertarian populist, and Reuters, The Daily Telegraph, Le Monde, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal, and several Argentine and Spanish-language publications including among the others El Diario, elDiario.es, El Mundo, El País, Perfil, Télam, and ''''. Milei rejected the use of the far-right label to describe his views, and said: "I'm a liberal and libertarian, these positions are things of the left, because for the left, everything that is not on their side is on the right." Milei supports former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro and former United States president Donald Trump, especially their anti-communism and criticism of socialism, and he has been compared to them for sharing an anti-leftist and anti-social justice platform. Milei's 2023 presidential campaign and August 2023 primaries win brought him international attention, as the international press widely reported on his rise in the polls and prominence and electoral upset, and used a range of labels to describe him. Due to his primaries upset win, he was described as a far-right populist or outsider. CNN saw him as an outsider, The Economist headlined that "Argentina could get its first libertarian president", CBC News described him as a "libertarian firebrand", and the BBC described him as a "Trump admirer". and Marine Le Pen of France's National Rally. He maintains close ties with the Spanish far-right party Vox, from which he borrowed the anti-caste rhetoric, as well as the former far-right conservative Chilean presidential candidate José Antonio Kast. Milei said: "People realize that we're getting poorer and that the only ones making progress are the politicians, the parasites." Commentators observed that Milei and his running mate, Victoria Villarruel, held differences on certain issues. Milei does not oppose the 2010 law that legalized same-sex marriage in Argentina, while Villarruel supports civil unions but is opposed to egalitarian marriage, and disagrees with him on questions like organ trade legalization, on the grounds that the human body is not a good; their differences of views have been explained as philosophical issues due to Milei's economist background. They also held different views on the National Reorganization Process and the Dirty War. Villarruel is the daughter of a military personnel and engages in historical revisionist accounts of the military dictatorship, and has been accused of Argentine state terrorism denial. While Milei publicly expressed that he is not a defender of it, he has attracted controversy for having questioned the 30,000 disappeared toll. Observers also pointed to the influence Villarruel ultimately had on Milei. == Presidential ticket ==
Campaign
A member of the Libertarian Party, Milei was the candidate for president of Argentina as part of La Libertad Avanza. His running mate for vice president of Argentina was Victoria Villarruel, the daughter of a military personnel who has engaged in historical revisionist accounts of the military dictatorship, Milei announced his candidacy in an April 2022 interview with Clarín. Milei's campaign, which was managed by his sister Karina, officially began in a June 2022 event that was deemed a fiasco due to low attendance. As inflation rose above 100% in May 2023, Milei's position in the polls increased. During the campaign for the 2023 Argentine primary elections, Milei generated controversy after he suggested that he would allow the free sale of firearms and human organs, as well as criticism for his comments deemed to be mysoginistic. Furthermore, he intends to revoke the law (Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Bill) that legalized abortion in Argentina, and is against its decriminalization. saying: "Just because something is legal, it does not mean that it is legitimate. I am against it (the Voluntary and Legal Interruption of Pregnancy Bill) because it is against the right to life. ... At least I would hold a referendum. And, if the result is in my favor, the law is eliminated. But let the Argentines choose. Let's see if the Argentines believe in the murder of a defenseless human in the womb of the mother." Gun laws in Argentina are restrictive. According to his party's electoral platform, Milei proposes the "deregulation of the legal market" for weapons and "the protection of its legitimate and responsible use by the citizens". Milei, alongside Villarruel, was ultimately the successful presidential ticket in the November 2023 Argentine general election, Milei had achieved a significant victory in the August 2023 primary elections, emerging as the top-voted candidate in a major election upset. proved to be controversial and met criticism; the Argentine peso plunged and interest rates were raised as a result of his primaries win. During the electoral campaign, his critics often pointed to Milei's controversial pronouncements, which have been described as being part of an outlandish and bizarre behavior, to argue about his incompetency to rule. Milei emerged as the leading presidential candidate, Milei was polled at about 20% but achieved 30%, In June 2023, the markets welcomed Massa's presidential candidacy, as it polarized the election between the ruling party and Juntos por el Cambio, reducing what was called the "Milei factor". Javier Timerman, Managing Partner of Adcap Grupo Financiero, said on CCN Radio that "Javier Milei has always been a source of fear and uncertainty for foreign investors, both financial and investor in the real economy." Milei's win marked the first time an economics right candidate won the primary elections since the 1916 Argentine general election. Initially, for the first round of the general election in October 2023, with the possibility of a run-off election in November 2023, far left Peronists saw Milei as a possible ally who would divide the votes of the centre-right coalition. During the night of celebration, Milei danced rock and roll with his family, choosing the song "Se viene", one of Argentine rock's greatest hits that at the end of the 1990s became a challenge to the neoliberal government of Carlos Menem and was a premonition of the Corralito crisis in 2001; the song's chorus says: "The explosion is coming." and Vox. As a result of his strong performance in the primaries, Milei was considered the front-runner for the general election. Analysts say that this could lead to higher inflationary and foreign exchange pressures. According to the Eurasia Group analyst and Latin American researcher Luciano Sigalov, if Milei were to win the presidency, he would face governability issues due to a lack of parliamentary majority to pass the radical pro-market reforms he advocates, and may result in street resistance and protest from Peronist and social movements. Sigalov said: "The likely prospect of a Milei victory and the risks from his radical policy program will generate more pressures on inflation and exchange rates. The worsening economic conditions will benefit Milei as he blames [rival] politicians for the spiraling crisis." According to JPMorgan, Milei's win was not certain and predicted a chaotic outcome, citing the historically low turnout of the primaries and that a higher-than-average turnout for the general election would benefit the traditional parties of Massa's Union for the Homeland and Patricia Bullrich's Juntos por el Cambio. Jared Lou, a portfolio manager at William Blair Investment Management, commented: "One factor that may help Milei in the presidential elections is that he's an outsider and voters are frustrated." At the same time, Lou stated that Milei's views on promoting gun ownership, anti-abortion policies, and a dollarized economy could put off voters, as he says most Argentinians oppose those policies. He added: "Many of the policies he has campaigned on are viewed as fairly radical by the electorate." In the first round, Milei maintained his 30% of the vote achieved in the primaries and advanced to the runoff but finished second, as Massa unexpectedly came in first place, winning 36% of the vote. The results were seen as an upset because of the severe inflation that took place during Massa's tenure as the economy minister, as well as Milei's lead in polls up to that point. This prompted Milei to try to moderate his image in order to attract the more moderate voters. Lucas Romero, the head of local political consultancy Synopsis, said that Milei is "an inexperienced candidate, lacking political expertise, who perhaps may not have the capacity to understand that the current scenario will require him to moderate, build political agreements, and appeal to voters who might ask for changes in his political proposal." Despite this, Milei described these as false rumors and said that his central bank abolition proposal, which has been controversial, was "non-negotiable". Second round For the second round, there were around 9 million swing voters that could decide the election. Milei was also endorsed among others by Macri and Bullrich, the latter finishing third in the first round despite previously having been considered the front-runner. Whilst not surprising considering their shared right-wing politics and opposition to Kirchnerism, their endorsement attracted attention due to Milei's past comments about them, and Macri in particular being seen as part of the establishment propping up the self-declared anti-establishment Milei to win; these endorsements were seen as a risky gamble. Milei had variously called Macri a coward, a fascist, and a socialist, while Bullrich had sued him for defamation after Milei pointed to her guerrilla past, accusing her of "planting bombs in kindergartens". Additionally, Bullrich's backing of Milei caused some tension and criticism within her coalition. and Milei is scheduled to be sworn in as the next president of Argentina on 10 December 2023. Milei's win marked an end to Argentine's political system that saw an hegemony between Peronism, which dominated the country since the 1940s in both left-wing and right-wing incarnations, and its main conservative opposition. Julio Burdman, director of the consultancy Observatorio Electoral, commented: "The election marks a profound rupture in the system of political representation in Argentina." Aftermath Observers generally saw Milei's win a result of discontent with the previous governments and the status quo rather than support for Milei's politics, actions, and rhetoric during the election campaign, which included wielding a chainsaw on stage, smashing a piñata on air to symbolize his plans, calling Pope Francis "a filthy leftist", and praising American gangster Al Capone as "a hero". Milei's challenges includes government coffers that are in the red, a $44 billion debt programme with the International Monetary Fund, and inflation at 150 percent at the time of his election but predicted to further rise to 200%. and that this would force Milei to moderate his views. William Jackson, Chief Emerging Markets Economist at Capital Economics, wrote: "We suspect that some of his more radical proposals – namely dollarization – may not materialize given limited support both in congress and among the public." Filipe Campante, an expert in Latin American politics at Johns Hopkins University, commented: "I think his election reflects a disastrous government that was nevertheless strong enough, due to the deep roots of Peronism, to reach the runoff, and thus allow an outsider such as Milei to become the one standard bearer for the entirely justifiable desire for change." About Milei's economic policies and challenges as president, Campante said: "He seems attached to economic ideas that are very risky, to say the least – eg dollarization. If he doubles down on them, things risk going very badly. If he changes course and chooses a more orthodox and conciliatory approach, then things could be better, but oftentimes characters like him are unable to choose a moderate path." Argentinian researchers were also said to have been "extremely worrying" by Milei's election due to some of his policies, which they consider to be anti-scientific. Milei had promised to slash research funding and shut down key science agencies. The inauguration of Milei and Villarruel as Argentina's president and vice-president took place on 10 December 2023. In his address to the nation, Milei warned the country of an economic shock. == Political views and positions ==
Political views and positions
Economics While theoretically an anarcho-capitalist, Milei identifies in the short term as a minarchist, liberal-libertarian, He explained that he is an "anarcho-capitalist, because the state is the enemy. But you live in the real world and you have to have your feet on the ground. In this context, I am a minarchist – that is, someone who believes that the state should only be in charge of security and justice." he described them as the "best economic government in Argentine history". Additionally, he upholds the ideals of Juan Bautista Alberdi and his constitution, and defended Alberto Benegas Lynch as "the greatest hero of the ideas of freedom", and the Generation of '80. Milei envisions eventually dismantling the state and the Central Bank of Argentina, which he described as "one of the greatest thieves in the history of mankind", allowing citizens to freely select their monetary system, including the potential adoption of a dollarized economy, to combat the country's inflationary issues; he says they are made worse by the Central Bank of Argentina, which he accuses of stealing money from Argentines through inflation. he proposes a sharp economic shock to reduce inflation and the Argentine economy's issues, and to pay the country's debt. He said: "Central banks are divided in four categories: the bad ones, like the Federal Reserve, the very bad ones, like the ones in Latin America, the horribly bad ones, and the Central Bank of Argentina." including shale driller YPF, public services like health care and education, and pledged to scrap soy taxes and ditch electric-vehicle battery bid as part of his deregulation program. He also articulated his intention to either shut down, privatize, or redefine the National Scientific and Technical Research Council, while shutting down or merging most governmental ministries, including the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Social Development, and the Ministry of Health, A video of him tearing cards from a wallboard with the names of ministries that he wants to abolish and tossing them into the air went viral. In the video, he says: "The state is not the solution. It is the problem." He is opposed to trade unions, and described the Article 14 of the Argentine Constitution, which guarantees labor rights, pensions, and the entire social security system, as the country's cancer; he pledged to repeal it as president. Milei promises to balance the budget. Argentina has failed to meet targets on cutting its fiscal deficit and building up foreign reserves under its $44 billion arrangement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which approved a $7.5 billion loan disbursement. In a July 2023 interview with the Financial Times about this, Milei said that if is elected president of Argentina, he would "overshoot all the targets" in the IMF deal, calling the required spending cuts as small compared with what he says the country needs. About the IMF, which provided Argentina with twenty-two bailouts, Milei said that it "doesn't care" about what he described as the country's deep-rooted challenges. He said: "The IMF are just a bunch of bureaucrats who know that a bank's business is to charge interest. If I'm elected it will be to solve Argentina's problems." Capitalism, socialism, and communism Milei promotes capitalism, and strongly opposes communism and socialism. In a TEDx presentation that went viral on social media in February 2019, Milei presented what he described as "a love story" about capitalism, arguing how capitalism and the free market have lifted people out of poverty. He then cited what he describes as myths regarding capitalism, rejecting the idea that the Nordic model is socialist, and saying that the Nordic countries are "more pro-market than people think". He labelled the problem of social inequality as a "lying hoax", and said that "social justice is unfair". He concluded that this was a debate about values, where socialism embodies envy, resentment, and coercion, while capitalism or liberalism stands for the unrestricted respect for the life project of fellow individuals. More than Karl Marx, Milei has identified John Maynard Keynes as his greatest ideological adversary, He further stated that there are only two systems, liberalism or communism, as he believes that any intermediate solution would result in a drift towards communism. During his political campaign, Milei criticized Brazil and China, and said that he would not deal with those he deems to be communists. are the main reason why political commentators and other libertarians do not consider him truly a libertarian. and rejected comparisons to Trump and Bolsonaro, About taxes and liberalism, he said: "I consider the state as an enemy; taxes are a hindrance to slavery. Liberalism was created to free people from the oppression of monarchs; in this case, it would be the state." After winning the 2023 primaries, Milei announced what he called a "new liberal revolution" and "the end of the caste model, that atrocity that says that where there is a need, a right is born, but it is forgotten that someone has to pay for that right." Social issues Milei opposes abortion rights, and has publicly affirmed a staunch anti-abortion stance, and drew comparisons between abortion and theft. When questioned in September 2021 by a O Globo journalist about an abortion case involving the rape of a 10-year-old girl, Milei asserted that an abortion in such circumstances would still constitute murder. In October 2021, he said: "Why is one crime compensated with another crime?" He stated his support for legal abortion only when the mother's life is at risk. About this, he said that, if he is elected president, he would propose to hold a referendum about the law that legalized abortion in 2020, and, in such a case, he said that he would support its repeal. He also opposes euthanasia. Due to his views about abortion, alongside a crackdown on crime and prohibition of the use of inclusive language, he has been described as socially conservative. Milei spoke in favor of a legal organ trade, seeing as a way to reduce waiting lists for organ transplants, and said that there could be market mechanisms to encourage organ donors. He said: "If women can have control over their bodies, why not everybody else?" In the same interview, he said: "If I had a child, I wouldn't sell them, but that's not the current topic of discussion in Argentine society. Maybe it will be in 200 years, I don't know." Due to the ensuing controversy, he later clarified his position and expressed his opposition to it. He explained his opposition in clearer terms, while separating it from the organ trade legalization as "a different discussion", stating: "Obviously, I do not agree with the sale of children." Milei said that he has no issues with same-sex marriage and is indifferent to it; he sees marriage as a contract and is opposed to it as an institution. On homosexuality more generally, he stated: "If you decide to be homosexual, how does that affect my life? In nothing. My liberty? In nothing. My property? In nothing. Therefore, I have nothing to say." Milei's comments and stances about transgender rights caused criticism among Argentine LGBTQ activists. In June 2022, two Avanza Libertad members of the legislative assembly of Buenos Aires Province proposed a bill to ban inclusive language at schools. According to Sonia Corrêa, co-coordinator of Sexuality and Policy Watch, these bills are not rooted in an ideological belief but are an effort to "lure the constituency of [far-right politician] Javier Milei". During the COVID-19 pandemic, Milei expressed skepticism about COVID-19 vaccines. In November 2021, Milei vaccinated himself for COVID-19, citing economic reasons based on a risk–benefit analysis that he made, and rejected the anti-vaccination label that was used to describe his views on the issue; he dismissed the negative impact his COVID-19 vaccine statements could have had on the campaign against COVID-19. On immigration issues, Milei's 2023 presidential platform includes restrictions. Milei stated that he would prohibit the entry into the country of migrants with a criminal record and said that he want to expel those who commit crimes. In addition to that, he honored Juan Bautista Alberdi, and the of Bartolomé Mitre, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, and Nicolás Avellaneda. For their government efforts as part of the , he also praised the Generation of '80, including Justo José de Urquiza, Julio Argentino Roca, and Carlos Pellegrini. He questions the governments and policies applied by the Radical Civic Union, the Justicialist Party, and military coups in Argentina. While Milei publicily expressed that he is not a defender of the last Argentine military dictatorship (the National Reorganization Process) and the Dirty War, he has questioned the Dirty War's 30,000 disappeared toll. He asked: "Where are they? Show me the list." His view is that the guerrilla terrorists of the 1970s should be condemned like the Argentine military dictatorship, seeing that period as a war between the state and terrorism. Milei argues that "the only time that pure liberalism was applied was in 1860 and we were a prosperous country." Juan Domingo Perón, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, and Alberto Fernández. Milei described 1930s Argentina as a fascist regime that led to Peronism and Perón's "three-legged fascism" rather than a return to liberal policies. and argued that he remains a representative of Peronism, where Peronism is not only an ideology but is considered a way to govern, citing examples of left-leaning Peronism (Kirchnerism) and right-wing Peronism, such as that of Menem, who privatized and engaged in neoliberal reforms. Others agreed that Milei is a populist but argued that he is using populism for liberal ends. Milei also criticized individual politicians of the Juntos por el Cambio centre-right coalition, which he was able to push to the right since 2015. Milei described Patricia Bullrich, the 2023 Juntos por el Cambio leader, as "part of the Argentine failure". Additionally, he scorned socialists in Latin America and abroad. Analysts stated that a breakdown of Argentina–China relations could harm the Argentine economy. About China, Milei said: "People are not free in China, they can't do what they want and when they do it, they get killed. Would you trade with an assassin?" Milei endorses the Madrid Charter, a document drafted by Vox that characterizes left-wing groups, such as the São Paulo Forum and the Puebla Group, as enemies of Ibero-America and accuses them of engaging in "a criminal project under the umbrella of the Cuban regime" that "seeks to destabilize liberal democracies and the state of law". He signed the document alongside other far-right politicians across the region, including Eduardo Bolsonaro from Brazil, Rafael López Aliaga from Peru, and José Antonio Kast from Chile. He condemned the October 7 attacks. At the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022, Milei entered the Palace of the Argentine National Congress with a Ukrainian flag, showing his position towards the conflict. A supporter of law-and-order politics, Milei endorses the unrestricted ownership of firearms, saying that Argentina needs the forces "to have authority again". As a proponent of non-interventionism in foreign politics, Milei criticized the Falklands War. == See also ==
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