Early years Meigen was born in
Solingen, the fifth of eight children of Johann Clemens Meigen and Sibylla Margaretha Bick. His parents, though not poor, were not wealthy either. They ran a small shop in Solingen. His paternal grandparents, however, owned an estate and hamlet with twenty houses. Adding to the rental income, Meigen's grandfather was a farmer and a
guild mastercutler in Solingen. Two years after Meigen was born, his grandparents died and his parents moved to the family estate. This was already heavily indebted due to the
Seven Years' War when bad crops and rash speculations forced the sale of the farm and the family moved back to Solingen. Meigen attended the town school but only for a short time. He had learned to read and write on his grandfather's estate and he read widely at home as well as taking an interest in
natural history. A lodger in the household, a state surveyor named Stamm, gave Meigen instruction in
mathematics. Another family friend, a
Reformed Church organist and teacher called Berger, gave him lessons from his 10th year on
piano,
orthography, and
calligraphy. Later on, in 1776, he also taught him French. Meigen became Berger's assistant, going to Mülheim with him. There he saw for the first time a
systematic collection of
butterflies, and here he also learned how to collect and prepare insects. In the autumn of 1779 he returned to Solingen to help his parents, at first by giving private lessons in French, but in the following year he started a French school that lasted until early in 1784. During his few free hours in this period he studied history from
Charles Rollin's 15-volume
Roman History and that author's four-volume
Ancient History (both in French). The only entomological work in his possession at this time was Moder's (or Kleemann's)
Caterpillar Calendar. Later in 1784 he was recommended to Pelzer, a tradesman in
Aachen, for the position of resident tutor. On taking up the post, he was treated as a family member. Pelzer had a cousin in Aachen by the name of
Mathias Baumhauer (1759–1818), a wool merchant's son, who was a very able entomologist. Baumhauer had a butterfly collection including about 1200 species as well as numbers of insects of all other
orders.
Early entomology Meigen's first attempts to identify his collection, which was mainly of
Diptera, were made using a two-volume work by
Philipp Ludwig Statius Muller, a German translation of Linnaeus's
Natursystem published in the Netherlands by Houttyn. He soon made his first discovery; the Linnean
genera were too inclusive and a better classification could be arrived at using
wing venation. This conclusion had already occurred to both
Moses Harris in
England and
Louis Jurine in
Geneva, but at the time Meigen was unaware of this. Sensing an important step forward, he secured the works of
Fabricius and from that time concentrated on Diptera. He soon found that wing venation alone was not enough to classify the Diptera correctly and he began to make drawings of the
antennae viewed under a 20-power wooden-framed
microscope purchased at the fair in Aachen. Using this, a lens of about 6-power, and his own very sharp eyesight and visual memory, Meigen arrived at his next important conclusion; that the Diptera could only be classified using character combinations. This is now known as an
eclectic system.
Return to Solingen In 1786, the Solingen organist, a younger brother of his former teacher, Berger, died in Solingen. That position, with a French school connected with it, was offered to Meigen and he went back to Solingen. There he became closely acquainted with a man called Weniger, who shared his interests in
botany and entomology. His enthusiasm for entomology and botany became broader and he decided to extend his studies to species from around the world. Weniger felt likewise and they contacted the banker and collector
Johann Christian Gerning in
Frankfurt. Gerning wrote to his son in the
Netherlands, who bought insect specimens for him. A Swiss, Count von Meuron, who was in the Dutch service and whose brother was governor of
Trincomalee on Ceylon, heard of their wishes and obtained for them the offer of positions as surgeons on an
East Indiaman, with an additional stipend. This plan was given up when Meigen's mother opposed it.
To Burtscheid In 1792, Meigen took instruction in drawing. Then he was offered a teaching position in
Burtscheid near Aachen. However, he could not leave Solingen because it was occupied by the French army during the
Battle of Jemappes. Only when the French withdrew after the
Battle of Neerwinden was he able to leave for Burtscheid and Aachen, where he then taught as well as collecting assiduously. In 1796, Meigen took a job teaching French in Stolberg, two hours from Aachen. Here he remained without further change of residence until his death. In Stolberg outside of school hours he taught
drawing,
geography,
history and piano. He also met a brass-worker named J. A. Peltzer, who was a mathematician and owned a 60-power Tiedemann
achromatic telescope. Soon Meigen was teaching
astronomy as well. In 1801, Meigen met the French naturalist
Count Lacépède who had come to Stolberg to visit the brass works. They talked about natural history and Meigen showed Count Lacépède his drawings of Diptera. The following day Meigen was asked to visit Count Lacépède, who asked him to join Capt. Baudin's voyage around the world as a botanist. Meigen declined. In 1802,
Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger, who must have heard of Meigen from Count Lacépède, and was at the baths in Aachen with
Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg, invited him to join them. Meigen took his drawings along and made arrangements with Illiger and Hoffmannsegg for future work. Illiger had captured a new and unknown dipteran and showed a pen drawing of it to Meigen, asking him how it should be classified. Meigen described it as
Loxocera hoffmannseggi. Illiger also agreed to proofread Meigen's first work on Diptera which was then published in 1804 by Reichard in Braunschweig. File:EuropäischenZweiflügeligen1790TafLXXVII.jpg|Plate 77 (
Hoverflies) File:EuropäischenZweiflügeligen1790TafCLXVII.jpg|Plate 167 (
Craneflies) File:EuropäischenZweiflügeligen1790CLXVIII.jpg|Plate 168 (
False soldier flies) File:EuropäischenZweiflügeligen1790TafCXCVI.jpg|Plate 196 (
Hybotid flies) File:EuropäischenZweiflügeligen1790TafCCLVII.jpg|Plate 257 (
Bee-flies) File:EuropäischenZweiflügeligen1790TafCCXLIII.jpg|Plate 258 (
Schizophora, etc) File:EuropäischenZweiflügeligen1790TafCCLIX.jpg|Plate 259 (Assorted flies)
Controversy In 1804, the only classification of Diptera was that of
Fabricius. Despite Meigen's more advanced, and more natural classification, Meigen's
Die Fliegen found little favor with most entomologists, who were adherents of Fabricius, but that did not deflect Meigen. In the same year, Fabricius visited
Paris and saw Meigen's work. On returning home, he wrote Meigen and arranged to meet him in Aachen. A few days later Fabricius came to Stolberg. Here he was shown all of Meigen's new genera in order that he might use them in the projected new edition of
Systema Antliatorum. Fabricius criticized Meigen for his eclectic method, asserting that a classification should be based upon one part of the body (mainly mouthparts), not on several different parts. Meigen pointed out that Fabricius himself did not consistently follow his own precepts, but even so, Fabricius refused to use the eclectic method.
Marriage In 1801, Meigen married Anna, the sister of the Reverend Mänsse, a preacher at Hückelhoven near
Linnich. Anna was clearly devoted to Meigen, which was as well since hard times were ahead. Until 1808 the number of students of French steadily declined, resulting of course in a considerable reduction in Meigen's income. In this crisis, a merchant in Stolberg, one Adolf Pelzer, obtained for him the secretaryship for the Stolberg commercial committee, including keeping minutes of meetings and carrying on correspondence in both German and French. Then, in another reversal, he was replaced by a voluntary secretariat.
Coal fossils In 1812, the French government provided Meigen with the job of finishing drawings of
coal fossils. At this time his work day began usually at about 4 in the morning and lasted until late in the evening for 314 days of each year. All free time was spent with the study of entomology; mostly Diptera, but also other
orders. He also studied history and mathematics. At this time Meigen drew and colored many more species for
Die Fliegen. From 1812 to 1814 Meigen drew some maps for the municipality of Stolberg. He also corresponded again with Count von Hoffmannsegg, until the latter sold his collection to the
Natural History Museum of Berlin.
Offer from Wiedemann In 1815, Meigen received a letter from State Attorney (Justizrat)
Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann asking if there was any prospect that his work begun in 1804 could be continued. He offered access to the Fabricius collection in the
University of Kiel. Then, in the summer of 1816, Wiedemann came to Stolberg and stayed eight days to outline an ambitious project. He had material sent to Meigen from the
Vienna Museum, from the Hoffmannsegg collection in
Berlin, and from the
Peter Simon Pallas collection. Meigen worked constantly and in 1818 the first volume of the new and enlarged edition of
Die Fliegen came out, followed by the others until the 7th volume appeared in 1838. For this last volume Meigen had to make the
lithographic plates himself to cut expenses. He also prepared 19 lithographic plates for Wiedemann's
Aussereuropaische Zweiflugler. The first volumes of
Die Fliegen were published by Meigen himself, but the costs were high, in spite of a considerable list of subscriptions. The Schulz bookdealers in Hamm took over the job with a sizeable honorarium. In 1818, Meigen's longtime friend and tireless collector, Baumhauer, died in Paris. His widow brought his collection to Aachen and got Meigen to identify it. He took on the identification of at least 50,000 specimens from
Germany,
France, the
Pyrenees, the
Alps and northern
Italy, and worked on it for a year and a half. The collection was then sold for 1100 Dutch guilders, part of it going to Leiden and part to
Liège (). These years were very certainly hard. Because of poor harvests in 1816 and 1817,
food prices rose enormously. There were seven children in his family at this time and his income was extremely low, there being now no demand for a French teacher, with the
French Empire having collapsed. Eventually, through the intervention of the inspector of water supply, he got a well paid contract for some map-drawing lasting a couple of years. Astronomy also brought him some map-work. He was able, however to make a trip to the
Siebengebirge, chiefly for botany, and Meigen made some drawings of plants Hamburg botanist for Professor
Johann Georg Christian Lehmann. In 1821, Meigen made the acquaintance of Professor
Heinrich Moritz Gaede of Liège, whose name he gave to
Trypeta gaedii and the
tachinid genus
Gaedia.
Wiedemann's second visit and a trip to Scandinavia In 1822, Wiedemann made a second visit to Meigen, proposing that Meigen come to Kiel and revise the Fabrician collection, and offering to defray expenses. Meigen accepted, leaving for
Hamburg on 23 June 1823. He was met in Hamburg by the entomologist
Wilhelm Von Winthem, who invited him to stay at his home. Meigen found himself in the house in which the great poet and dramatist
Klopstock spent the last 30 years of his life, and which Von Winthem's sister, Johanna Elisabeth von Winthem, Klopstock's widow, then owned. Here he studied the Winthem collection, which was so extensive that Meigen had to leave a more careful review of it for his return trip. He went on to
Kiel to meet Wiedemann, He also met
Heinrich Boie in Kiel. Next Meigen and Wiedemann went to
Copenhagen to visit
Westermann and work on the Museum collection, postponing the main job on the Fabrician collection. Meigen was permitted to take all of the material away for examination. On 19 July, the two of them went to
Lund, where both Professor
Carl Fredrik Fallén and
Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt met them. Meigen examined Fallén's and Zetterstedt's collections at length. On 23 July, Wiedemann and Meigen returned to Copenhagen, where Meigen stayed. On 30 July they were back in Kiel, where everything in the collections of Fabricius and
Westermann was carefully examined and compared, and the unknown species drawn and described. After completing the research in Kiel, both left for Hamburg. There Meigen examined the Winthem collection, but there were so many new species in it that Winthem decided to send it all to Stolberg, where it could be worked on more conveniently. Also in Hamburg, Meigen met the entomologist Sommer from Altona and met Lehmann again. The trip to Denmark and Sweden lasted altogether 12 weeks, the result of which was a series of colored drawings of more than 400 species of insects, together with their descriptions and a large number of notes and corrections. Studies of his collection of the Diptera in
Fabricius' collection led to a very substantial revision.
Last years Soon after 1822, the French school closed down completely and Meigen took the unpaid position of organist for his parish. However, he wrote a choral book for which the church board paid him well. Meigen continued in this capacity until 1831. In 1825, Meigen made a translation of
François Fénelon ‘s
Telemachus, and in the same year he was enabled to attend a meeting of naturalists in Berlin. Meigen's expenses were organised by
Nees von Esenbeck, and many to whom he was known through his works on Diptera. He also saw there again Wiedemann. He took advantage of this occasion to examine the collection of the
Natural History Museum of Berlin and those of
Johann Friedrich Ruthé and
Peter Friedrich Bouché. Von Winthem visited Meigen in 1826. Meigen also made a trip in that year to
Crefeld and
Düsseldorf. The following year, 1827, a
Handbuch für Schmetterlingsliebhaber (Handbook for Butterfly Collectors) appeared under his name, and he also started a much larger work on Lepidoptera. This latter appeared in fascicles, each of 10 quarto plates lithographed by Meigen himself. It went as far as the
Euphalaenae, where lack of funds brought it to a close. He colored the plates in a few copies. The figures, except a very few borrowed from other works, were drawn by Meigen from specimens, many from the collection of an old friend, Seeger. After discontinuation of the work on Lepidoptera and the completion of that on Diptera with its 6th volume, Meigen had Diptera sent to him for identification from many sources. Outstanding among them were contributions from
Joseph Waltl and
Heinrich Georg Bronn. These induced him to work up a supplementary volume, which was notable for the division of the genera
Tachina,
Musca, and
Anthomyia, into a number of
genera based upon more critical characters than those used by previous French and English workers. At the same time Meigen worked industriously on a
Flora of Germany, which was not completed until a few years before his death. The last volume of this work, also containing numerous drawings made largely from nature by Meigen himself, appeared in 1842. It was his last work. When the French dipterologist
Justin Macquart visited him in 1839 to see his collection, Meigen also showed him two thick quarto volumes of drawings containing 300 plates of colored and mostly enlarged drawings of all the species that he had described. Macquart told Meigen that he would like to buy them, quoting a price of 1800 francs on behalf of the
Jardin des Plantes in Paris. He paid an additional 1200 francs for Meigen's collection of Diptera, which also went to Paris. In the 1970s the colour paintings were published as plates by Morge. Meigen then disposed of his library and the remainder of his collections. His books, fruit, and plant collections were bought by the
Verein für natürliche Wissenschaften und Gewerbe (Society for natural sciences and industry) in Aachen. All of his insects other than Diptera were bought by
Arnold Foerster, along with a few manuscripts including colored drawings of Hymenoptera. In 1839, the Crown-Prince of Prussia awarded Meigen a pension of 200 thalers a year. On 3 May 1845, Meigen was presented with a doctor's diploma from the
University of Bonn. Meigen died in Stolberg near Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), on 11 July 1845 at the age of 81. ==Legacy==