Early years Jules Bazile was born in
Paris, on the
Île-St-Louis. He began his career as a clerk in the
Interior Ministry. He wrote in republican newspapers under the
Second Empire and chose "Jules Guesde" as a pen name after his mother's name, Eléonore Guesde. On the outbreak of the
Franco-Prussian War, he was editing ''Les Droits de l'Homme'' at
Montpellier, and had to take refuge in
Geneva in 1871 from a prosecution instituted on account of articles which had appeared in his paper in defence of the
Paris Commune. There he read the works of
Karl Marx. In 1876, he returned to France to become one of the chief French advocates of
Marxism, being imprisoned for six months in 1878 for taking part in the first Parisian
International Congress. He edited at different times
Les Droits de l’Homme,
Le Cri du peuple, and
Le Socialiste, but his best-known organ was the weekly
Égalité. Guesde, who was in prison at the time, was the author of a resolution moved by the delegates from Paris at the
Socialist Workers' Congress (1879) and carried by a large majority. It was: Guesde had been in close association with
Paul Lafargue, and through him with
Karl Marx, whose daughter Lafargue had married. It was in conjunction with Marx and Lafargue that he drew up the programme accepted by the National Congress of the
French Workers' Party at
Le Havre in 1880, which laid stress on the formation of an international labour party working by
revolutionary methods. The following year, at the
Reims Congress, the orthodox Marxist programme of Guesde was opposed by the "
possibilists", who rejected the intransigent attitude of Guesde for the
reformist policy of
Paul Brousse and
Benoît Malon.
Leader of the intransigents At the Congress of
Saint-Étienne, the difference developed into division. Those who refused all compromise with a
capitalist government followed Guesde, while the reformists formed several groups. Guesde took his full share in the consequent discussions between the Guesdists, the
Blanquists, the
Possibilists, and others. In 1893 he was returned to the
Chamber of Deputies for
Roubaix, with a large majority over the
Christian Socialist and
Radical candidates. He brought forward various proposals in social legislation forming the programme of the Workers' Party, without reference to the divisions among the Socialists, and, on 20 November 1894, succeeded in raising a two days' discussion of the collectivist principle in the Chamber. In 1902 he was not re-elected, but resumed his seat in 1906. In 1903 there was a formal reconciliation at the Reims Congress of the sections of the party, which then took the name of the
Socialist Party of France. All socialist tendencies were then unified in 1905 in the
French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), the French section of the
Second International. Guesde, nevertheless, continued to oppose the reformist policy of
Jean Jaurès, whom he denounced for supporting one "
bourgeois" party against another. In 1900, he had already opposed him on the question of socialist participation in "
bourgeois" government. His defence of the principle of freedom of association led him, incongruously enough, to support the religious Congregations against
Émile Combes's
Separation of the Churches and the State. During the
revolt of the Languedoc winegrowers on 11 June 1907, Jaurès, who defended the vine growers cause in the Chamber of Deputies, filed a counter-bill with Jules Guesde. The two socialist deputies proposed nationalization of the wine estates.
Later life The outbreak of
World War I, which was regarded as threatening France's existence, had the effect of changing the uncompromising attitude of Guesde. In August 1914, while the Reformist Jaurès was assassinated due to his opposition to the war, Guesde was included in the national unity government of
René Viviani as a
Minister without Portfolio in 1914, and continued to serve as Minister of State from 1915 until the end of 1916. During this period, he adopted patriotic positions and sometimes even
nationalist views. Guesde thought that the war would give birth to a social revolution in France and would thus be the starting point of an international revolution. After the armistice, in the
Congress of Tours, he chose the "old house" SFIO following
Léon Blum and
Jean Longuet, against the majority which created the French Section of the Communist International, the future
Communist Party, for which he was condemned by
Vladimir Lenin.
Death and legacy Guesde died on 28 July 1922. Besides his numerous political and socialist
pamphlets, in 1901, he published two volumes of his speeches in the Chamber of Deputies entitled
Quatre ans de lutte de classe 1893-1898 (
Four years of class struggle). ==Footnotes==