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Maya monarchs

Maya monarchs, also known as Maya kings and queens, were the centers of power for the Maya civilization. Each Maya city-state was controlled by a dynasty of kings. The position of king was usually inherited by the oldest son.

Symbols of power
Maya kings felt the need to legitimize their claim to power. One of the ways to do this was to build a temple or pyramid. Tikal Temple I is a good example. This temple was built during the reign of Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil. Another king named Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal would later carry out this same show of power when building the Temple of Inscriptions at Palenque. The Temple of Inscriptions still towers today amid the ruins of Palenque, as the supreme symbol of influence and power in Palenqusix. ==Succession==
Succession
Maya kings cultivated godlike personas. When a ruler died and left no heir to the throne, the result was usually war and bloodshed. King Pacal's precursor, Pacal I, died upon the battlefield. However, instead of the kingdom erupting into chaos, the city of Palenque, a Maya capital city in southern Mexico, invited in a young prince from a different city-state. The prince was only twelve years old. ==Expansion==
Expansion
Pacal and his predecessors not only built elaborate temples and pyramids. They expanded their city-state into a thriving empire. Under Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil, Tikal conquered Calakmul and the other cities around Tikal, forming what could be referred to as a super city-state. Pacal achieved in creating a major center for power and development. ==Responsibilities==
Responsibilities
A Maya king was expected to be an excellent military leader. He would often carry out raids against rival city-states. The Maya kings also offered their own blood to the gods. The rulers were also expected to have a good mind to solve problems that the city might be facing, including war and food crises. Maya kings were expected to ensure the gods received the prayers, praise and attention they deserved and to reinforce their divine lineage. They did this by displaying public rituals such as processions through the streets of their cities. A more private ritual was that of blood sacrifice, which was done by Lords and their wives. ==Known rulers of Mayan city-states in the Classic Period==
Known rulers of Mayan city-states in the Classic Period
Aguacatal (Yokel), Petén • 751: Unik K'inich Aguas Calientes • c.790: Chak Lakamtuun ===Aguateca=== • ?_770: Uchaʼan Kʼan Bʼalam – father of Tan Te' Kinich, ruled in the 8th century AD. • 770_c.802: Tan Teʼ Kʼinich – son of Uchaʼan Kʼan Bʼalam ===Altun Ha=== • 4 December 584ʼ?: Til Man K'inich ===La Amelia=== Bonampak Calakmul The kings of Calakmul-Dzibanche were known as ''k'uhul Kaanu'l ajaw'' () ("Divine Lords of the Snake Kingdom"). This list is not continuous, as the archaeological record is incomplete. All dates AD. ===Cancuén=== ===Caracol === === El Cayo === • Aj Chak Wayab' K'utim • Chan Panak' Wayib • Aj Chak Suutz' K'utiim === Chinikiha === • K’inich B’ah Tok' • Aj Tok' Ti' ===Cobá=== === Comalcalco === • ?-649: Ox Balam ===Copán === (Note:Despite the sparse references to previous rulers in Copán, the first safe reference is from 426. All the rulers, with the exception of the last one, appear in the called Altar Q.) ===La Corona=== • c.520-544: Chak Took Ichʼaak • c.658: Chak Naahb Kaan • 667-679: Kʼinich Yook • ?: Chak Ak'aach Took • c.721: Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich ===Dos Pilas === Dzibanche The kings of Calakmul-Dzibanche were known as ''k'uhul kaan ajawob'' () ("Divine Lords of the Snake Kingdom"). • 731-766: Kʼahk Chan Yopaat • c.790: A king, depicted in Stela 1 ===Holmul=== (Note: No known dates) • ?: Och Chan Yopaat • ?: Sakhb Chan Yopaat Makcha • ?: K’inich Tacal Tun • ?: Vilaan Chak Tok Vakhab === Itzimté-Sakluk ('Ibil), Petén === ===Ixkun=== ===Ixtutz=== • c.780: Aj Yaxjal B’aak === Lacanha === • Aj Popol Chay ===Machaquila=== ===La Mar=== • 781-?: Parrot Chaak ===Moral Reforma=== • 662-after 690: Muwaan Jol, ascended under king Yuknoom of Calakmul; however, in 690, ascended once again under the king of Palenque. ===Motul de San José=== • 701-c.710: Yichte Kʼinich I • c.700–725: Sak Muwaan • c.725–735: Tayel Chan Kʼinich • ?: Sihyaj Kʼawiil • c.742–755: Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich (son of Sak Muwaan) • c.755–779: Lamaw Ekʼ ===Naranjo === === Nebaj: === • 810-830: Noj Yo[k]K'in ===Palenque === Mythological and legendary rulers?-Muwaan Mat c.2325 BC • Ukʼix Chan c.987 BC • Casper c.252 BC Historical rulers === El Palma === ===El Perú=== ===Piedras Negras === === Pomona === • Muyal Hix Chaahk ===Pusilha=== • c.569–595: K’awiil Chan K’inich (this first ruler and dynasty probably descended from the first dynasty of Naranjo) • c.595–650: K’ahk U’ Ti’ Chan • c.650–670: Muyal Naah K’ukhul K’ahk’ U’ • c.670–680: Ruler D • c.680–710: Ruler E • c.710–731: Lady Ich’aak K’inich • c.731–750: K’ahk Chan (began a new line of rulers) • c.750–768: K’ahk Kalav • c.768-c.800?: K’awiil Chan ===Quiriguá === ===Río Azul=== • Ruler X, not yet satisfactorily deciphered. ===Sacul === • c.760–790: Ch'iyel ===Sak Tz'i=== ===Seibal=== ===Tamarindito=== ===Teotihuacan === • c.378: Spearthrower Owl, ruled when his son took over Tikal. ===Tikal === The dynastic line of Tikal, founded as early as the 1st century AD, spanned 800 years and included at least 33 rulers. ===Toniná === ===Ucanal=== • Itzamnaaj Bahlam, ruled at least between 698 and 702. ===Xultun=== • Yax Weʼnel Chan Kʼinich, depicted in a mural of a Late Classic room, 10K2 ===Yaxchilan === ===Yaxha=== • c.799: Kʼinich Lakamtuun ===Yoʼokop=== • c.570: Na Chaʼak Kab, a Kaloomte that may have ruled under the overlord Sky Witness from Calakmul or Dzoyola. === Yootz=== • 14 January 713–730: Yajawte K’inich • c.730-750: K’ahk’ Yohl K’inich • c.750-760: Taxin Chan ===El Zapote=== • c.404?: K’ahk Bahlam • c.439: Chan K’awiil ===Zapote Bobal=== • ?: Yukul K’awiil • ?: Ti’ K’awiil • ?-559: Chan Ahk • c.660: Janaab Ti’O • ?-23 IV 663: Itzamnaaj Ahk ==Known rulers of Mayan city-states in the Post-Classic Period==
Known rulers of Mayan city-states in the Post-Classic Period
===Chichen Itzá=== ====Cocom dynasty==== • Hunac Ceel, general who conquered the city in the 12th–13th century, and founded a new ruling family. ===Iximche=== ===Izamal=== • c.1000?: Ah Ulil === Mayapán: === • c.1185 - 1204: Ah Kul Itzam Can ===Mixco Viejo=== ===Q'umarkaj=== • c.1225–1250: Bahlam Kitze • c.1250–1275: Kʼokʼoja • c.1275–1300: E Tzʼikin • c.1300–1325: Ajkan • c.1325–1350: Kʼokaibʼ • c.1350–1375: Kʼonache • c.1375–1400: Kʼotuja • c.1400–1435: Quqʼkumatz • c.1435–1475: Kʼiqʼabʼ • c.1475–1500: Vahxakʼ i-Kaam • c.1500–1524: Oxib Keh ===Uxmal=== This city is here included because, despite being founded in the Classic period, it attained the peak of its influence in the Post Classic. ====Tutul Xiu dynasty==== • c.500: Hun Uitzil Chac, founded the kingdom in year 500. • ?: Ah Suytok • c.890–910: K’ahk Pulaj Chan Chaak • 987–1007: Ak Mekat • 1441–1461: Ah Xiu Xupan ==See also==
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