Mason (1950) Mason (1950) lists: •
Chiquito • North (Chiquito) • Manasí (Manacica) • Penoki (Penokikia) • Pinyoca; Kusikia • Tao; Tabiica • Churapa The Sansimoniano dialect has also been proposed to be a
Chapacuran language.
Loukotka (1968) with present international borders According to
Čestmír Loukotka (1968), dialects are
Tao (Yúnkarirsh), Piñoco, Penoqui, Kusikia, Manasi, San Simoniano, Churapa. •
Tao (
Yúnkarirsh) - spoken at the old missions of
San Rafael,
Santa Ana,
San Miguel,
San Ignacio,
San Juan,
Santo Corazón, and
Concepción, Bolivia. •
Piñoco - spoken at the missions of
San Xavier,
San José, and San José de Buenaventura. •
Penoqui - spoken at the old mission of
San José. (However, Combès suggests that Penoqui was a synonym of
Gorgotoqui and may have been a
Bororoan language.) •
Cusiquia - once spoken north of the Penoqui tribe. •
Manasi - once spoken at the old missions of
San Francisco Xavier and
Concepción, Santa Cruz province. •
San Simoniano - now spoken in the Sierra de San Simón and the
Danubio River. •
Churapa - spoken on the
Piray River, Santa Cruz province.
Otuke, a
Bororoan language, was also spoken in some of the missions. •
Santiagueño Chiquitano (in
Santiago de Chiquitos) •
Divergent varieties •
Sansimoniano (spoken in the far northeast of
Beni Department) •
Piñoco (formerly spoken in the missions of San José de los Boros,
San Francisco Xavier de los Piñoca, and San José de Buenavista/Desposorios;
see also Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos) Nikulin (2019) proposes that
Camba Spanish has a Piñoco substratum. Camba Spanish was originally spoken in
Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia, but is now also spoken in
Beni Department and
Pando Department.
Historical subgroups The following list of Jesuit and pre-Jesuit-era historical dialect groupings of Chiquitano is from Nikulin (2019), and
Hervás y Panduro (1784: 30). The main dialect groups were Tao, Piñoco, and Manasi.
Peñoquí (
Gorgotoqui?), possibly a
Bororoan language, was spoken in
San José. It was soon replaced by the Piñoco dialect, and was so divergent that Father Felipe Suarez, who authored a Chiquitano grammar, had to translate the
catechism and compile a dictionary of it. The dictionary is held at the Archivo de la Sociedad Geográfica de
Santa Cruz de la Sierra. == Phonology ==